这些怪病其是过敏

随着天气逐渐转暖，各种鲜花竞相开放，桃花艳，樱花浓，杏花茂盛，一夜春风吹开了千树万树梨，姹紫嫣红的花 朵在装点春日京城的同时，也给有花粉过敏症的市民带来了烦恼。花粉过敏可表现为呼吸系统疾病如哮喘发作，也 可表现为皮肤、鼻子等处的过敏。对此，笔者采访了北京朝阳医院的几位专家。
哮喘患者春天犯病诱因主要是花粉引起的过敏
支气管哮喘（简称哮喘）是常见的慢性呼吸道疾病之一，近年来其患病率在全球范围内有逐年增加的趋势。春季是 哮喘的高发季节，一个重要的原因就是春天的花粉引起的过敏。
北京朝阳医院呼吸与危重症医学科副主任医师张鸿谈到，哮喘是一种气道的慢性炎症，这种慢性炎症导致气道高反 应性，通常出现广泛多变的可逆性气流受限。由于有以上特点，所以常常出现喘息、气急、胸闷或咳嗽等症状，而 且这些症状会反复发作，但多数患者可自行缓解或经治疗缓解。另外它的发作还有一个特点，那就是常常在夜间和 （或）清晨发作、加重。所以如果有上述表现我们应该想到是否患有哮喘病，并需要及时就医。
引起哮喘发病的危险因素。目前公认与个体过敏体质和外界环境影响有关，与多基因遗传有关，同时受遗传因素和 环境因素的双重影响。环境因素主要包括某些激发因素，许多研究表明，哮喘患者亲属患病率高于群体患病率，但 目前哮喘的相关基因尚未完全明确。环境因素主要包括某些激发因素，如尘螨、花粉、真菌、动物毛屑、二氧化硫 、氨气等各种特异和非特异性的吸入物；感染，如细菌、病毒、原虫、寄生虫等；食物，如鱼、虾、蟹、蛋类、牛 奶等；药物，如心得安、阿司匹林等；气候变化、运动、妊娠等也可能是哮喘的激发因素。
呼吸道花粉过敏症状的患者春秋两季都容易发病，春天会比秋季多一些。易感人群主要是有过敏体质的人。而呼吸 道花粉过敏的症状也很多，比如类似感冒的症状、咳嗽，有一些过敏者还有喘憋的症状，严重时还有可能危及生命 。曾经接诊过一名哮喘患者，在春季出门时没有戴口罩，结果因为路边的柳絮引发过敏症状，当时就在路边不能动 了，赶紧给家人打电话求助后被送往医院才获救。花粉引起的哮喘有鲜明的季节性和地域性，具体到每个病人可能 对某种花粉过敏，他的哮喘会在特定的季节和地点发作。与哮喘有关的花粉分为三大类，大本植物花粉：如枫杨、 榆树、柏树、松 树、柳树、桑树、槐树等，常引起春季过敏性哮喘。和木植物花粉：如狗尾草、黑麦等，常引起夏末秋初过敏性哮 喘,健尔马足疗机官网。秀草类花粉：如豚草、篱草常引起秋季过敏性哮喘。
哮喘的治疗强调长期规范。哮喘的治疗目前尚没有特效的方法，但长期的规范化治疗可使哮喘症状得到控制，减少 发作，甚至不发作，并能与正常人一样生活。哮喘的治疗首先要避免接触引起哮喘的激发因素。在春季、秋季等哮 喘的高发季节避免去花粉浓度高的场所，出门时戴口罩，它能起到一定的隔离作用。而在家时，患者应注意自己的 居住环境，避免接触引起过敏的物品。建议有花粉过敏的患者一定要随身携带自己的常用药，发病时可以先服用一 些药，为自己赢得获救的时间。如果出现较为轻微的过敏症状，只要远离过敏物，即使不吃药，有时自己就能痊愈 。要是过敏症状反反复复出现，并较严重时，最好还是前往医院就医。
其次，药物治疗用于控制气道炎症和症状。治疗哮喘的药物主要有糖皮质激素、白三烯受体拮抗剂和各种支气管扩 张剂，目前推荐应用吸入的方法给药。常常有患者担心糖皮质激素的副作用而抗拒这种治疗，而使病情恶化。其实 吸入激素与口服相比，副作用已经降到最小，是非常安全的。另外，由于哮喘症状有时可以完全缓解，所以有些患 者认为只在发作时用药就可以了。这也是对哮喘治疗认识的一个误区。哮喘的治疗强调长期维持，也就是长期的规 范化治疗，只有在这种治疗模式下，才能达到具有正常人的生活质量的目标。最后，哮喘患者还要学会自我管理、 自我控制病情，了解哮喘发作的先兆，学会在家中自行监测病情的变化。峰流速仪对于病情监测有重要作用，通过 峰流速仪对峰流速的监测让患者和医生能够有客观指标评价控制的情况。
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