deduct tods -Agriculture in India- Issues and Chal

Agriculture in India: Issues and Challenges
AGRICULTURE IN INDIA: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
-Ramaiah Bheenaveni
-Dept. of Sociology,
-Osmania University,
-Hyderabad – 07.
“Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian Economy”- said Mahatma Gandhi 5 decades ago. Even today,tods on sale, as we enter the new millennium, the situation is still the same, with about the entire economy creature sustained by agriculture, which is the mainstay of the villages. Not merely the economy, but also every one of us looks up to agriculture for our sustenance too.
Significance of Agriculture:
Although agriculture contributes only 21% of India’s GDP, its importance in the country’s economic, social, and political linen goes well beyond this arrow. The rural areas are still family to some 72 percent of the India’s 1.1 billion people, a large number of whom are poor. Most of the rural poor rely on rain-fed agriculture and crisp forests for their livelihoods.
The sharp heave in foodgrain production during India’s Green Revolution of the 1970s qualified the country to fulfill self-sufficiency in foodgrains and stave off the menace of starvation. Agricultural intensification in the 1970s to 1980s saw an increased demand for rural labor that raised rural wages and, together with declining food prices, reduced rural poverty.
Sustained, however many slower, agricultural growth in the 1990s reduced rural poverty to 26.3 percentage by 1999/00. Since then, although, the slowdown in agricultural growth has become a important occasion for concern. India’s rice yields are one-third of China’s and about half of those in Vietnam and Indonesia. With the exception of sugarcane, potato and tea, the same is true for most other agricultural commodities.
The Government of India areas tall precedence on reducing poverty by raising agricultural productivity. However, striking movement from policymakers will be necessary to shift away from the existing subsidy-based regime that is no longer sustainable, to build a solid foundation for a highly productive, internationally competitive, and diversified agricultural sector.
Issues and Challenges
It is here the dare arises considering the implementation of the technology at manifold levels in the Global community. The need of the hour is not applying of the technology but the adoption of appropriate technology, which would suit the particular class of the global community. In India, the agriculture practices are too haphazard and non-scientific and accordingly need some forethought before implementing any new technology.
Applications of agricultural inputs at uniform rates across the field without due regard to in-field variations in soil fertility and harvest conditions does not yield preferable results in terms of crop yield. The management of in-field variability in taint fertility and crop conditions for improving the crop production and minimizing the environmental impact is the crux of precision farming.
Thus, the information on spatial variability in soil fertility status and crop conditions is a pre-requisite for adoption of precision farming. Space technology including global positioning system (GPS) and GIS holds good promise in deriving information on soil attributes and crop yield, and allows monitoring seasonally- variable soil and crop specifics, that soil humidity, crop-phenology, growth, evapotranspiration, nutrient deficiency, crop disease, and weed and insect infestation, which, in turn, help in optimizing inputs and maximizing crop yield and income. Though warmhearted adopted in developed countries, the adoption of precision farming in India is anyhow to take a tight ground mainly due to its distinctive pattern of land holdings, poor infrastructure, lack of farmers’ inclination to take risk, socio-economic and demographic conditions.
Factors Contribution to Decline of Agriculture:
Slow Down in Agricultural and Rural Non-Farm Growth: Both the poorest as well as the more prosperous ‘Green Revolution’ states of Punjab, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh have recently witnessed a slow-down in agricultural growth and it afterward guide for farmer’s suicide. Some of the factors hampering the refreshment of growth are:
?Poor combination of public expenditures: Public costing on agricultural subsidies is thronging out productivity-enhancing investments such as agricultural research and extension, as well as investments in rural infrastructure, and the health and teaching of the rural people. In 1999/2000, agricultural subsidies summed to 3 percent of GDP and were over 7 times the public investments in the sector.
?Over-regulation of domestic agricultural trade: While economic and trade reforms in the 1990s helped to improve the incentive framework, over-regulation of domestic trade has increased costs, price hazards and uncertainty, undermining the sector’s competitiveness.
?Government interventions in labor, land, and credit markets: More rapid growth of the rural non-farm sector is constrained by government interventions in element markets -- labor, land, and credit -- and in output markets, such as the small-scale reservation of enterprises.
?Inadequate infrastructure and services in rural areas. Infrastructure is also a significant factor in the process of development but country like our rural Bharat has not posses the infrastructure such as roads, electricity, manure and pesticides availability which caused the vulnerable break to the growth of agriculture.
Weak Framework for Sustainable Water Management and Irrigation:
?Inequitable delivery of water: Many states absence the stimuli, policy, regulatory, and institutional framework for the efficient, sustainable, and equitable delivery of water.
?Deteriorating irrigation infrastructure: Public spending in irrigation is spread over many uncompleted projects. In appending, existing infrastructure has quickly deteriorated as actions and upkeep is given lower priority.
Inadequate Access to Land and Finance:
?Stringent land regulations discourage rural investments: While land delivery has convert less skewed, land policy and regulations to mushroom security of tenure (including restrictions or bans on renting land or converting it to additional uses) have had the unintended achieve of reducing access by the landless and discouraging rural investments.
Computerization of land records has brought to light institutional weaknesses: State government initiatives to computerize land records have reduced transaction prices and additional transparency, yet also brought to light institutional weaknesses.
Rural poor have little access to credit: While India has a broad network of rural finance institutions, many of the rural poor remain excluded, due to inefficiencies in the formal finance institutions, the weak regulatory framework, high transaction costs, and risks related with borrowing to agriculture.
Weak Natural Resources Management: One 15 min of India’s population depends aboard jungles for by fewest portion of their livelihoods.
A purely maintenance approach to forests namely ineffective: Experience in India shows that a purely conservation reach apt natural resources treatment does not work mainly and does little apt dilute penury.
Weak resource rights for forest communities: The forest sector is also faced with weak resource rights and economic incentives for communities, an inefficient legal framework and participatory management, and poor access to markets.
Weak delivery of basic services in rural areas:
Low bureaucratic accountability and inefficient use of public funds: Despite massive expenditures in rustic evolution, a highly centralized bureaucracy with cheap accountability and inefficient use of public asset restrict their clash on poverty. In 1992, India rectified its Constitution to build 3 tiers of democratically selected rural local governments sending governance down to the villages. However, the transmit of legislature, funds, and functionaries to these local bodies is progressing slowly, in part due to political vested interests. The meager are not empowered to endow to shaping public programs alternatively to clutch local administrations accountable.
Measures Needed Areas:
1. Enhancing agricultural productivity, competitiveness, and rural growth
Enhancing productivity: Creating a more fruitful, internationally competitive and diversified agricultural sector would require a shift in public expenditures away from perquisite towards productivity enhancing investments. Second it ambition require removing the restrictions on domestic private trade to improve the investment climate and meet expanding mart opportunities. Third, the agricultural research and extension systems need to be strengthened to improve access to productivity enhancing technologies. The diverse conditions along India suggest the magnitude of regionally distinguished strategies, with a muscular focus on the lagging states.
Improving Water Resource and Irrigation/Drainage Management: Increase in multi-sectoral competition for water highlights the need to formulate water policies and unbundle water resources management from irrigation service delivery. Other key priorities include: (i) modernizing Irrigation and Drainage Departments to integrate the participation of planters and other agencies in irrigation management; (ii) improving cost recovery; (iii) rationalizing public expenditures, with priority to completing schemes with the highest returns; and (iv) allocating ample resources for operations and maintenance for the sustainability of investments.
Strengthening rural non-farm sector growth: Rising incomes are fueling claim for higher-value fresh and processed agricultural productions in domestic markets and globally, which open fashionable opportunities for agricultural diversification to higher value productions (e.g. horticulture, cattle), agro-processing and narrated services. The government needs to shift its role from direct intervention and overregulation to creating the enabling environment for private sector participation and competition for agribusiness and more broadly, the rural non-farm sector growth. Improving the rural investment climate includes removing trade controls,tods mens boots, rationalizing fatigue regulations and the tax regime (i.e. adoption of the value added tax system),cheap tods shoes, and improving access to credit and opener infrastructure (e.g. roads, electricity, ports, markets).
2. Improving access to assets and sustainable natural resource use
Balancing poverty rebate and conservation priorities: Finding win-win medleys for conservation and poverty reduction will be critical to sustainable natural resource management. This will involve addressing legal, policy and institutional constraints to devolving resource rights, and transferring responsibilities to local communities.
Improving access to land: States tin construct on the growing accordance to reform land policy, especially land tenancy policy and land ministry system. States that do not have tenancy restrictions can provide serviceable lessons in this regard. Over the longer term, a more holistic approach to land ministry policies, regulations and institutions is necessary to ensure tenure security, reduce costs, and assure fairness and sustainability of the system.

Improving access to rural finance: It would require improving the extravaganza of regional rural banks and rural credit cooperatives by enhancing regulatory oversight, removing government control and ownership, and strengthening the lawful structure for lend resumption and the use of land as parallel. It would also involve creating an enabling surroundings for the development of micro-finance creations in rural areas.

3. Strengthening institutions for the poor and promoting rural livelihood
Promoting Community-Based Rural Development: State Government efforts in scaling up maintenance and community-driven development approaches will be critical to build social capital in the poorest areas as well as to expand savings mobilization, subserve productive investments, income generating opportunities and sustainable natural resource management. Direct advocate to self-help teams, village committees, user’s unions, savings and loans teams and others can provide the initial ’push’ to shake organizations to higher level and access to new economic opportunities. Moreover, social mobilization and particularly the empowerment of women’s groups,tods online store, through increased capacity for collective action will provide communities with greater "voice" and bargaining power in dealing with the private sector, markets and monetary services.
Strengthening Accountability for Service Delivery: As decentralization efforts are pursued and local governments are given extra prominence in the basic service distribution, the establishment of accountability mechanisms becomes critical. Local governments’ capability to identify local priorities via participatory allowancing and maneuvering needs to be strengthened. This, in rotate, would cultivate the rural investment air, facilitating the involvement of the personal sector, creating employment opportunities and linkages among plough and non-form sectors
References:
1.Bottelier, Pieter What India (2007) : “Can Learn from China and Vice Versa”, China & World Economy, Volume 15, Number 3, May-June , pp. 52-69(18)
2.Schuh, G.E. (2002): Developing country interests in WTO agricultural policy. Political economy of multinational trade law: essays in credit of Robert E. Hudec / ed. by D.L.M. Kennedy and J.D. Southwick. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, p. 435-449
3.David Rindos (1984) : “The Origins of Agriculture: An Evolutionary Perspective”
Academic Press,
4.Kulshreshtha, S. (1996): “Indian farming and GATT and WTO: Some Reflections - India and WTO” : Udhayam Offset, Madras
5.Aggarwal G.C (1995) : “Fertilizer and irrigation management for stamina conservation in crop production” : Fuel and Energy Abstracts, Volume 36, Number 5,discount tods, , pp. 383-383(1), Elsevier Publisher
6.Society of American Foresters (1997) Agriculture and Forestry in China; Journal of Forestry, Volume 15, Number 8 - 1 December , pp. 1014-1016(3)

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