Butterfly Effect: 70s of last century, an American meteorologist named Lorenz system theory in the interpretation of the air, said that occasionally the Amazon rain forest a butterfly wing vibration, and perhaps two weeks would cause the United States a tornado in Texas.
the butterfly effect is that the very small changes in initial conditions continued to enlarge after its future status will cause a very great difference. Some small things can be confusing, and some small things, such as amplified by the system, then an organization, a country is very important to not confused.
crocodile rule:
its intention is assumed that a crocodile bite your feet, if you hand to try to break your foot, while crocodile will bite your feet and hands . The more you struggle, the more to be bitten. In the event crocodile bite your feet, your only way is to sacrifice one foot.
example, in the stock market, crocodiles rule is: when you find yourself trading in the direction away from the market, must immediately stop, without any delay and shall not have any luck.
Catfish Effect:
ago, sardines, low survival rate during transportation. After it was found that, if put a catfish in the sardines, the situation is somewhat improved, the survival rate will be greatly enhanced. This is why it?
Had catfish in to a strange environment, will be ; and sardines found in more than a This problem is solved hypoxia sardines, and sardines, will not die.
Herding:
sheep where to go, where to go behind the sheep to follow.
herding stock investment was first a term mainly refers to the investors in the transaction process in learning and imitation phenomenon, the same period the stock sale.
hedgehog rules:
two sleepy hedgehog, as cold and owned together. May be because their body is long with spines, so they left some distance, but can not stand the cold, then get together. After a frustrating, two hedgehogs has finally found a suitable distance: both with each other to obtain the other's warm and was not subject to bar.
hedgehog law mainly refers to interpersonal relationships in the
watch Law:
watch Law refers to a person with a table, you can know what time it is, and when he has two not being able to determine. Two tables and can not tell a person more accurate time, so they will watch the people lose confidence in accurate time.
watch law in business management gives us a very intuitive inspiration, is the same person or an organization can not be used with two different methods, can not set two different goals, and even each individual can not be two people to simultaneously command,
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twenty-eight law (Pareto's law):
19 century early 20th century Italian economist Pareto that in any group of things, the most important and only a small part of the about 20%, though the majority of the remaining 80%, but it is secondary. About 80% of social wealth is concentrated in the hands of 20%, while 80% of people with only 20% of the social wealth. This statistical imbalance in the social, economic and life everywhere, this is the twenty-eight law.
twenty-eight rules tell us, do not mean to analyze, process and look at the problem, business and management to seize the vital few; to identify those who can provide a 80% profit, the total but only 20% of the amount of key customers, strengthen services to achieve a multiplier effect; business leaders to work seriously on the classification analysis, it is necessary to solve the main effort on key issues, focus on major projects.
Barrel Theory:
composed of a wooden barrel if the length of the missing, then the bucket of water is not determined Sheng was the longest piece of wood, but rather depends on That piece of wood in the shortest possible.
Matthew:
he has will be taken from him.
logic
cage hanging bird cage in the room a beautiful place where the most prominent, a few days, the owner will make one of the following two choices: throw the cage out, or buy a bird cage on the back. This is the cage logic. The process is simple, imagine you are the owner of the room, as long as people entered the room and saw the cage, they can not help but ask you: kept a bird. Cage logical reason is simple: most of the time people are taking the inertia of thinking. It can be seen in the life and work develop logical thinking how important it is.
broken window effect
psychology there is a phenomenon called the windows will be broken somehow; a wall, if not cleansed some graffiti, and soon, the walls covered with a mess on, unsightly things. A very clean place, people would be embarrassed taking out the trash, but once litter on the ground appears, people will have no hesitation?, Did not feel ashamed. It was very strange phenomenon.
psychologists is the bad in the end.
anything bad, if not stop off at the beginning, the formation of culture, change can get rid of, as if the river bank, a small gap is not timely repair, dams can collapse, causing the loss of millions of times.
disorder is actually the result of crime, New York City in the 80's when the rush is really everywhere, every day not to kill, in broad daylight to be afraid of walking in the street. Not to mention the subway, car dirty, dirty sentence painted everywhere, on the subway, feel insecure. Although I have not been seized, but the professors have been in broad daylight, struck a note Sap, blind, from the end of his research career,
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So when I went out to meet, met a criminologist, one immediately to him for advice,
ralph lauren outlet, the original New York City is the last book with the broken window effect in terms of theory, first to improve the criminal environment in which people is not easy crime-Hyde Budao slowly return to order.
Although this approach was criticized as being slow, handcuffed in a row standing on the platform, open to the public declaration of the Government's determination to rectify and found very effective.
police found that people do not really compare the situation in the clean and crime, also found that fare evasion grasp rewarding, because each of those seven had a fare evasion was wanted, there is one in twenty to carry weapons, so Police are willing to grasp fare evasion very seriously, which makes criminals not fare evasion, did not dare go out with weapons to avoid more harm than good, runs the risk. This New York City, from the smallest, the easiest place to proceed to break the criminal link of (chain), so this vicious cycle can not continue.
Responsibility dispersion effect
1964 �� 3 �� 13 ��ҹ 3 ʱ 20 points outside of an apartment in New York before a man named Juno younger than white women between the work at the end of the bar assassination of the way home. When she cried out in despair: When everything is calm, the killer returned to commit a crime. When she yelled, the nearby residents and the light switch, the attackers then fled. When she has nothing to do that, go back to their home upstairs, the killer again appeared before her, to kill her on the stairs. In the process, even though she shouted for help, her neighbors, at least 38 to the window to watch, but no one to rescue her, no one even called the police. This caused a stir in New York society, but also attracted the attention of social psychologists and thinking. It is considered a large number of bystanders neglecting the phenomenon known as diffusion of responsibility effect.
dispersion effect for the formation of liability reasons, psychologists have done a lot of experiments and surveys found that: this phenomenon can not just say that all of the callous, or moral decay of the performance increased. In different occasions, people's acts of assistance there is a difference. When a person in an emergency situation, if only he can provide help, he would clearly aware of their responsibilities, provide assistance to the victims. If he refused to help produce feelings of guilt, feelings of guilt, which requires paying a high psychological price. And if the presence of many people, help the responsibility for seeking help from the people to share, resulting in fragmentation of responsibility, the responsibility of each person to share very few spectators and even that may not even his own sense of a responsibility not to produce A How to break this situation, which is being studied by psychologists is an important topic.
Parkinson's Law of the famous British historian
North Goode? Parkinson through long-term research, write a book called In his book, agency personnel explained the reasons for and consequences of inflation: an incompetent officials, there may be three ways, first is the application for resignation, the seat give competent people; the second is to make a competent person to assist their work; third appointment of two levels lower than they were when the assistant. This first way is absolutely Zou Bude, because that would lose many rights; second way can not go, because that would be capable of their opponents; seems that only a third way most appropriate. As a result, two mediocre assistant sharing his work, he is high above orders, they will not pose a threat to their rights. Since the inability of two assistants, they calling the shots,
ralph lauren polo sale, then two more for his inability to find an assistant. And so on, to form a bloated, overstaffed, wrangling with each other, inefficient leadership system.
halo effect
famous Russian literary giant Pushkin Zengyin role halo effect suffered a great deal. He was fanatically in love with is called Natan Li looks amazing, but with different channel sub-Puhi Jin-Zhi. When the time to write poetry Pushkin read it to her time. She always covered their ears and said: death duel, a literary giant to fall prematurely. Appears in Pushkin, a beautiful woman is bound to have great wisdom and noble character, however, is not the case, a phenomenon known as the halo effect.
the so-called halo effect, that is, interpersonal communication, people who exhibit the characteristics of a particular aspect, cover the other features, resulting in interpersonal cognitive disorders. In daily life, For instance, some disadvantage of the elderly individual young people, or dress, habits and find it unacceptable to think that they necessarily good for nothing; some young people a thing about the admiration of friends, you will see him everywhere lovely, really the so-called Halo effect is a sweeping subjective psychological speculation, the error is: First, it is easy to grasp the individual characteristics and habits of individual push and, just like Mangrenmoxiang as a point on behalf of the surface; the second It is not intrinsically linked to some of the personality or physical characteristics associated with the assertion that such features are bound to have other characteristics; Third, it definitely said yes to all that bad on all the negative, which is a absolute domination by the tendency of subjective bias. In short, the halo effect is the interpersonal relationships in a great psychological impact on people with cognitive impairment, we have contacts to try to avoid and overcome the side effects of halo effect.
Hawthorne effect (Hawthorne effect)
an experimenter effect on psychology. 20-30 years of the 20th century,
ralph lauren clothing, U.S. researchers in the Chicago Western Electric Company Hawthorne factory's working conditions, social factors and the relationship between production efficiency experimenter effect found in experiments, said Hawthorne effect.
the first phase of the experiment in November 1924 from the beginning of the working conditions and productivity of the relationship between the test group and control group. Increase or control the results regardless of illumination in the experimental group yields are rising, but the same illumination output of the control group also increased. In addition, tests of the wages paid, the coffee break time, the length of daily and weekly number of days of work and other factors, can not see these working conditions, there is a direct impact on production efficiency. The second phase of the trial by the U.S. Mayo led by Harvard professor, focuses on social factors and the relationship between productivity and found that the production efficiency is mainly caused by the experimenter in the spirit of the great changes have taken place. Participate in the trial of the workers were placed in special laboratory researchers led by their social conditions changed, the concerns from all sides, creating a feeling of participating, feel that they are an important part of the company, so workers aspects from the social point of view are motivated to promote the production increase.
This effect tells us that when students or their attention or attention by the public, the study and would greatly increase the efficiency of communication. Therefore, in our daily life, get along with others to learn and understand what kind of behavior is accepted by students and teachers and appreciation, and we can only live and learn and continually increase their good behavior, it may be more people's attention and appreciation, but also can make our learning progress, full of confidence!
learned helplessness learned helplessness experiments
the earliest effect of Overmyer and West Sigman found later in animal and human studies have been widely discussed. Simply put, many experiments show that trained dogs can cross the barriers or engage in other behavior to avoid the shock the experimenter added to it. However, if the dogs are not expected before (do not know when to come) and can not be controlled by electric shock (such as interruption of electric shock or not does not depend on the dog's behavior), when the dog was the chance to escape electric shock, they have changed was unable to escape. Moreover, the dogs also showed other defects, such as frustration and depression, reduced motivation and so on.
dog show why this situation is due early in the experiment learned a sense of helplessness. That is, they realize that no matter what their own can not control the termination shock. In each experiment, the shock is terminated under the control of the experimenter, and the dog will be aware of their inability to change the external control, to learn a sense of helplessness.
person who had learned helplessness to become a deep despair and sadness. Therefore, we should study and life in the open their eyes a little and see the real events behind the decision factors, do not make our own despair.
witness's memory of witnesses, in our understanding of where, usually to provide some objective evidence, that his own saw, heard at first hand what truthfully speaking by the people. However, psychological research shows that the testimony of many witnesses are not very accurate, or that is a personal preference, with personal views and awareness.
witness testimony of their confidence and their testimony can not determine the accuracy of the results of this study is surprising. Mrs fees can be special and psychologist Howard Springs decided that further study conclusions. In order to investigate whether the testimony of witness something special, they will witness memory and the memory of general knowledge were compared.
they make were shown a short video is about the kidnapping of a girl. The next day, to answer some of the subjects in the content of the video and asked them to tell the degree of confidence in their answer, then do a recognition memory test. Next, use the same method, the content of popular literature from the encyclopedia and the general knowledge of selected issues.
the same place as before, Perot fees can be special and Howard Springs also found that the accuracy of the witness recalled, those confident of their answers than those who do not actually have people who do not have confidence greater, but For general knowledge, the situation is not the case, people with high confidence in memories of people who score better than the lack of confidence.
people in the general knowledge about their strengths and weaknesses with self-knowledge. Therefore, tend to modify their test results for the confidence scale. General knowledge is a database, is shared between individuals, it has recognized the correct answer, the subjects can go measure. For example, people will know that the issue of whether in sports or even almost better than others. However, the event witnessed the impact from such self-knowledge. For example, on the whole, they are unlikely to know the event than others, the participants in the memory area hair color better or worse.
effect
Rosenthal Rosenthal, American psychologist, who in 1968 conducted a famous experiment. Them to a primary election in the three sixth grade classes of the children making a fuss of the In fact, this list is not determined according to test results, but randomly selected. It is based on 8 months later, another intelligence test results showed that, the list of general improvement in student achievement, teachers also gave their good conduct reviews. This experiment has achieved miraculous results, It is considered by teachers to students the subtle psychological effects, so that teachers expect students to achieve the progress of the phenomenon, known as the Pygmalion (Pygmalion of Cyprus in Greek mythology, the king, he produced a statue of a girl he loved his desire to eventually make this into a real statue, the two fall in love with.)
educational practice also shows that: if a teacher like some of the students, they will have high expectations, after a period of time, students feel the teachers care, love and encouragement; often positive attitude towards teachers, towards learning and towards own behavior, students more self-esteem, confidence, self-love, self-induce a positive passion, these students often expect teachers to obtain progress. In contrast, teachers who are ignored, discriminated against students from the teacher's discourse over time, manner, facial expressions of teachers felt the requirements; these students often worse day by day, and finally reduced to the bad elements of society. Despite some exceptions, but the trend is that, while it also sounded the alarm for teachers.
false share deviation (false consensus bias)
We usually believe that our love is the same with most people. If you like playing computer games, then it may overestimate the number of people like computer games. You will usually overestimate the students to vote on their favorite numbers, overestimate their own prestige in the population and leadership and so on. This overestimation of your behaviors and attitudes you have the same tendency of the number of features is called Some factors that may affect your share of this false bias strength:
(1) When an external attribution was stronger than the internal attribution;
(2) current behavior or events when a person is very important;
(3) When you are very sure of their point of view, or believe that the time;
(4) When your status or some kind of normal life and learning be threatened;
(5) When it comes to a positive When the quality or character;
(6) When you and other people as when they are similar.
kick cats effects:
not subordinate to vent their grievances, to avoid a chain reaction
people to vent their anger resentment and bad feelings and information science, the general strength of the composition along the grade and followed the chain of social relations transmission, has spread from the tip of the pyramid to the bottom, no place to vent that one of the smallest element, then become the ultimate victims.
In general, the emotion will be influenced by environmental factors, and some accidental, when a person's emotional deterioration, the subconscious mind will drive his choice of subordinates, or the weak can not fight back vent. Strong emotional attack by the boss or the people went back to find their own punching bag. This will anger the formation of a clear chain of transmission, the ultimate bearer of that
placebo effect
name counterfeit drugs effects, ######## effect, on behalf of the setting agent effect (in English: Placebo Effect, from Latin placebo solution, , but Some people think that this is a remarkable human physiological responses, but some people think that this is the design of medical experiments generated illusion. Whether this phenomenon exists, scientists have not yet fully understood to the satisfaction of a property
opposite effect also exists anti-placebo effect: patients do not believe that treatment is effective and may lead to disease progression. Detection of anti-placebo effect placebo effect can be detected in the same way. For example, a control group taking the drug ineffective, there will be exacerbation of the phenomenon. This phenomenon is probably due to those who received the drug for the effectiveness of drugs have a negative attitude, which offset a placebo effect, there has been anti-placebo effect. This effect was not caused by the medications taken, but the psychological rehabilitation of patients based on expectations.
theory
the Netherlands there is a trash can to resolve the litter problem the city to purchase the trash, but because people do not want to use the trash, littering the phenomenon is still very serious. The city health authorities, and many of the solutions proposed in this paper. The first is: the people of littering fines from 25 yuan to 50 yuan. Implemented, with little success. The second method is to: increase the number of officers patrolling the streets, results were not significant. Later, someone in the trash on the ideas: design an electric trash barrels equipped with a sensor, when rubbish into bins, the response of the sensor have started the recorder, broadcast a story or joke, and its content also changed once every two weeks. Popularity of this design, the results of all people regardless of distance, are taking the rubbish into the trash, clean up the city will thus become.
induction in the trash to install tape recorders, rubbish into the broadcast a story or joke, the effect is much better than those of punishment, save money, not make people disgusted. Similarly, employees at work to solve the problem of lazy, with a means of monitoring and punishment is actually very difficult to work because the effectiveness of the staff of its intention to rely mainly.
hottest daily maximum temperature effect
always around 2 pm, we always thought that the sun this time of the most powerful, in fact, when the sun has long west, is no longer the largest supply of heat time. The reason why the highest temperatures at this time, but the heat from the previous accumulation. Inspiration ==
effect in reality because of the lack of a proactive awareness of such judgments, so that one has a business manager miscues, the number of quite substantial. As a tiger in the enterprise, benefits straight up when the mouth, the manager most likely to be the kind of bustling scene identified the eye of the block.
a good manager, you can not have a deep knowledge that can not be good at sensational agitator, even with extraordinary hard work did not, but he must have a sharp mind and an active mind, able to capture the bad signs , the discovery of new signs and the birth of a new sign. [Td] [/ td]
Murphy's Law (Murphy's Law)
Could also known as Law, does the theorem, or Murphy theorem, commonly used slang in the Western world.
For example there are two keys in your pocket, one is your room, an automobile, if you would like to take the car keys, what happens? Yes,
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This is the famous
Over the years, this occur and cause the maximum possible loss used do something, and one of those ways can result in a catastrophe, then someone will do it. (If there are two or more choices, which will result in a catastrophe, then someone will surely make this choice.)
according to something happens, then it is more likely to occur.
nearly half a century, Accidents will happen as usual, never will happen. In the final analysis, the
we have such an experience, if a car stopped in the street ready to go to a time-urgent appointments, you will find on the street is that all the taxis are not a guest you do not pay any attention, and when you do not need when the car they found a lot of cruising around in your empty, just waiting for you in a bayan, the car stopped in front of you at any time. If you break the mirror in the bathroom a month ago, although careful inspection and washing, did not dare to walk barefoot, such as over a period of time determined there was no danger, and the unfortunate thing is still happening, you still tie a foot broken glass. If you put a piece of bread out of your new carpet, it may be the ground on both sides. But you put a piece of bread, one side coated with a jam off the new carpet, often facing down a jam.
Means to solve the problem and we clearly higher, more serious problems facing. Therefore, we should be as much as possible in advance was very thoughtful, thorough, or loss if the unfortunate does occur, to respond to it with a smile, the key is to sum up the mistakes, rather than attempting to cover it.
complain effect: Those who complain the company has people who work, or the owner of that company must be better than no such person or have! kinds of people and buried in the belly of the complaints the company into the attack to the more
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