In the syllogism syllogism
, containing major items of the premise is called the major premise in the example above elements.
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About syllogism syllogism and its structure and the general rules should have only the concept of three different items must be circumspect in the premises at least once a size entry in the premises then the conclusion in undistributed ZHOU not deny the proposition in particular is called Proposition profile was created by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, formal logic the basic form of indirect inference, a conclusion from the premise and minor premise. Such as 'where the metal can conduct electricity' (the premise), 'Copper is the metal' (minor premise), 'so the copper can be conductive' (conclusion). This is called syllogism, or syllogism. Syllogism syllogism and its structure is composed of two items with a common premise to determine the nature of nature to arrive at a new judge for the conclusion of deductive reasoning. For example:
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all should be respected intellectuals, the people are intellectuals, teachers,
nike air force 1 high, so teachers are the people should be respected. Among them, the main conclusions of the lesser known items, with the ; two premises is called the Chinese Communists, some items in the item,
air force one shoes, use the In the syllogism, the premise containing the major items is called the major premise in the example above Syllogistic reasoning is based on two premises indicated in the entry M and the major items of S P and the relationship between the lesser term, through the medium term the role of M to S is derived to determine the lesser relationship with the major items of the conclusions of P . Syllogism has four cells. Each cell has its own structure, special rules and role. Special rules of the syllogism is a syllogism grid embodiment of the general rule. The first frame is shown above, the term M is the major premise of the main items, the minor premise of that item. The second grid as shown below, the term M is the major premise and minor premise of that item. The second grid icon
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The third cell in the form: the term M is the major premise and minor premise of the main items. The fourth cell in the form: the term M is the major premise of that item, the minor premise of the main items. Syllogism and the general rules should have only three different concepts that end, we must ensure that the three concepts of syllogism, in its two were repeated, the meaning is the same object, with the same extension. Violation of this rule will commit four errors in the concept. The concept of the so-called four-error is defined as a syllogism in the presence of four different concepts. Four concepts of error is often due to the concept as the key to maintain the same is not caused. For example: China's universities are located throughout the country; Tsinghua is China's University; Therefore, Tsinghua University is located across the country. The conclusion of this syllogism is obviously wrong, but the two premises are true. Why did two really launch a false premise of the conclusions coming in? Reason why the item (That It is expressed in the premise of the whole of the university that is a collection of concepts. In the minor premise, it can mean, respectively, of the University in a university that is not a collection of concepts, but a universal concept in general. Therefore, it is repeated twice, the fact that the two different concepts. Thus, in his capacity as the key, it can not be large items and small items linked necessarily to introduce a correct conclusion. The entry in the premises at least one must be circumspect in the premises if the item has not been determined in the first ever of its full extension (that circumspect), it means that major items in the antecedent and small items are items are only part of the extension into contact, so that items can not be the medium through the role of small items to large items necessary to determine the contact occurred and, therefore, the reasoning can not draw firm conclusions. For example, such a syllogism: All metals are malleable, plastic is plastic, so plastic is metal. In this syllogism, the term Such reasoning is illogical. the size of items in undistributed in the premise that not circumspect in the conclusions such as: athletes need to exercise; I am not a player; So, I do not need to exercise. This reasoning is obviously the conclusion wrong. This reasoning logically went wrong? major mistake in the , rather than their all), but was circumspect in the conclusions of (become negative proposition that the item). This means that its conclusions are beyond the scope of the object to determine the premise that the object of determining the scope, so in this reasoning , the conclusion can not launch from its premises. True the premise will not guarantee true conclusions. This error is logically called the expand the items can not be formed through the relationships established and,
air force 1 shoes, therefore, can not function in the medium term is determined to be linked, of course, the inevitable will come to a definitive conclusion can not, that can not be launched conclusions. For example: not all theist materialists; certain people are not theists; so? Why, then, one of the prerequisites is negative, the conclusion must be negative? This is because, if there is a premise of the negative proposition, the other must be affirmative proposition (Otherwise, the two negative propositions can not draw the inevitable conclusion), so that the entry in the premises in respect of necessity and a key is in the negative relationship with the other items are certainly relations. In this way,
air force one low, large items and small items through the item link naturally the relationship can only be a negative relationship, which must be negative conclusion. For example: all theists are not materialists; a person is a theist; Therefore, a person is not a materialist. Why conclusion is no, one of the prerequisites must be negative? Because if the conclusion is negative, it must be because the premise of the big, small items and the items have a combination of items and the exclusion of another. In this way, large items or small term compared with the exclusion of items that the premise is negative, so the conclusion is negative is one of the premises must be negative. special called two special propositions can not conclude, said the premise: a special known as the prerequisite for the conclusion must be especially known for example: Some students are athletes; Some athletes are stars; so? said by the two special premise, we can not necessarily introduce any definite conclusions. because, in the reasoning of items (There is no prerequisite for a proposition, according to the previous rules, if a conclusion, it can only be a negative proposition; and if the negative proposition, the major items of the , so the items must have committed a large expansion of the error. so special, said the premise that the two can not draw the inevitable conclusions. So why is special, said one of the prerequisites,
air force one low nike, the conclusion must be special, said it? For example: all students have youth; Some athletes are college students; Therefore,
nike air force one, some athletes are young. This example shows that there is currently a judge is provided, said special proposition, its conclusions must be specific proposition; Otherwise, if the conclusion is universal proposition is bound to Another violation of several rules of syllogism (eg, big, small items improperly expanded the error, etc.). From Fudan University Press, More types of entries Atlas Atlas Open Category: Logic I have to improve the
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