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Old 05-28-2011, 01:48 AM   #1
linshaoqin0
 
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Default 龙门石窟始开凿于北魏孝文帝迁都洛阳(公元493年)前

,后来,历经货色魏、北齐,到隋唐至宋等朝代又持续大范围营造达400余年之久。密布于伊水东西两山的峭壁 上,南北长达1公里,现存窟龛2345个,题记和碑刻2680余品,佛塔70余座,nike air max 1995,造像10万余尊。 其中最大的佛像高达17.14米,最小的仅有2厘米。这些都体现出了中国古代劳动听民极高的艺 术成就。
  龙门石窟是中国有名的三大石刻艺术宝库之一,位于河南省洛阳南郊12公里处的伊河两岸。经由自北魏至北 宋400余年的开凿,至今仍存有窟龛2100多个,造像10万余尊,碑刻题记3600余品,多在伊水西岸。 数目之多位于中国各大石窟之首。其中“龙门二十品”是书法魏碑精髓,唐代著名书法家褚遂良所书的“伊阙佛龛 之碑”则是初唐楷书艺术的典型。
  今天的龙门石窟已经进入世界文明遗产名录,成为洛阳乃至河南的一张手刺。但因为龙门石窟自开端营造至今 已有千余年的历史,历朝历代均遭到不同水平的损坏,能够说是损毁重大。除了极少数的佛像存在头像以外,大多 数佛像的头部均受到破坏,不面目,难以见得其面部韵味。而卢舍那大佛的双臂也被人砸去,难以见其整体造型, 但剩下的局部足以阐明其艺术程度之高明、情态之曼妙。当前更要加大维护力度,为后代子孙留下这难得的文化遗 产
  由结合国教科文组织赞助的龙门石窟修复保护工程项目根本停止。项目的实施为龙门石窟保护科研基本条件的 建设、人才的培育、信息档案材料的收集与建设、龙门石窟保护示范领导作用等方面取得了明显结果,项目的工作 机制及构成的保护机制、保护理念、技术路线对将来龙门石窟的保护将起到更大的作用。
  然而作为名目重要内容之一的潜溪寺石窟水害治理工程,在实行了部分管理措施——帷幕灌浆工程后,还未到 达有效管理渗水病害的目标,就此引发了对潜溪寺石窟治水工程保护设计思维、治理办法的疑虑和争议,部门专家 提出了中肯看法和倡议,作为项目专家组、设计职员、石窟管理者颇感压力,也引发了更深刻的研究、思考和摸索 。
  龙门石窟面临的主要威逼有三个方面:1.石窟存在的水害,主要是石窟裂隙渗水病害;2.石窟不稳定岩体 病害;3.环境传染病害(以及由其引发的雕像风化破坏)。自1971年国度拨专款开始进行龙门石窟专项保护 工作起,经过多少十年的保护工作,龙门石窟存在的岩体稳定性病害基础得到有效治理,石窟环境前提大大改良, 其中也投入了大批的人力、物力,采用各种不同的措施治理石窟的裂隙渗水病害,也获得了较好的效果。但是因为 技术的限度、资料的老化或保护材料与石窟岩体机能的差别,经过一段时代,石窟裂隙渗水病害仍会呈现、发展、 恶化。龙门石窟裂隙渗水病害要挟最严峻的主要是一些大型石窟,而这些大型石窟又是石窟内容最丰盛、价值最高 及保护工作的重点。因此,石窟裂隙渗水病害是龙门石窟存在最广泛、迫害最大的病害之一,Prada Kids,水害治理也是龙门石窟保护最急切、最主要的工作之一。
  项目抉择潜溪寺石窟作为龙门石窟水害治理的实验研究对象,目的就是在有效治理龙门石窟水害方面进行有利 的实际探索。潜溪寺治水工程的目的并不是为了临时性止住渗水的后果,而是探索全面、久长治水的方式和道路, 对项目的意义无比主要,对龙门石窟保护的意思也十分重要。
  由于龙门石窟依靠的山体宏大,崖壁陡峻,地形复杂,采取大规模治水措施的空间有限,也与文物保护准则请 求相违,无奈按惯例水利工程的治水思路、措施实施治理工程;另外由于龙门石窟地质构造的复杂性(层面裂隙、 卸荷裂隙、节理裂隙、岩溶各种结构彼此交切),裂隙渗水的渗流门路非常庞杂,增大了龙门石窟水害治理的难度 。所以龙门石窟的治水工作是一项以科研为基础的攻关项目。
  潜溪寺石窟位于西山最北端,为唐中期开凿的大型石窟,其历史、石窟形制、艺术价值等在龙门石窟具备典范 性和代表性,但潜溪寺石窟裂隙渗水病害、凝固水病害十分严重,而且对石窟雕像造成了严峻侵害。自1976年 起,supra skytops,开始器重潜溪寺石窟的渗水病害和治理工作,至1991年接踵采取了拆除、重建窟檐,裂隙灌浆、封堵,窟顶 清算,铺布防渗层等措施,在一段时期内,治水效果显明。但近期石窟裂隙渗水病害又从新发生,而且愈来愈严重 。如何以潜溪寺石窟为例探讨龙门石窟有效治水思路、措施:是完美历史上采取的治理思惟、措施?仍是探讨新的 、长久有效的治理思路和途径?是否对龙门石窟起到启示、示范、指点的作用?所以,潜溪寺石窟治水工程对项目 、对龙门石窟的保护,其意义是深入的。
  龙门石窟是洛阳市最可贵的文化遗产之一。多年来,全市上下对其倍加庇护,prada for women。1999年至2000年,该市先后投入2亿多元,对石窟内外违章和不谐调建造物进行治理,彻底改变了龙门 石窟的面貌,确保龙门石窟于2000年11月申报世界文化遗产成功。之后,该市继承加大投入力度,建筑两座 伊河公路桥,使以前穿梭龙门石窟的车辆绕道而行,在龙门东西两山退耕还林1300多亩,封闭邻近水泥厂3家 、石灰窑140多处等。同时,menssunglasses,及时理顺龙门石窟保护区管理体系;树立健全了对龙门石窟大气、水环境、洞窟各种病害、岩体稳固性、防火、 防洪等的检测系统;与海内外普遍配合,搞好文物保护;应用三维数字等进步技巧,加强石窟研究等,提高了龙门 石窟的保护和管理水平,实现了石窟保护与开发的同一。
  调研组以为,“洛阳不愧是13朝古都跟历史文化名城,全市高低保护世界遗产的热忱令人激动。”龙门石窟 胜利申报世界遗产后,洛阳市没有把它作为终点,而是作为新的出发点,持续增强对石窟的保护和治理,当真实行 申报时作出的各项许诺。通过一系列尽力,龙门石窟的环境面孔产生了宏大转变,掩护、研讨和管理水平有了大幅 度进步,为其余世界遗产的保护与开发供给了可资鉴戒的教训。
  调研组盼望洛阳市进一步提高对世界遗产保护重要性的意识,采取所有措施保护好龙门石窟这一全人类的独特 遗产;提高文物展现水平,让参观者懂得更多的石窟文化;加大对文物保护的投入力度,将门票收入的更多部分投 入到文物保护中,实现文物的永续应用和保护、研究事业的可连续发展。
  
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Old 05-28-2011, 01:48 AM   #2
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