Officials in the Ancient Chinese Civil
selection and management system. Civil election officials to resolve the major source of Official's management, including the appointment of officials, performance appraisal, rewards and punishments, quality rank, salary and vacation, retirement and other systems.
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Summary of the election system in hereditary Civil System Election system of Recommendation Summary of main features of imperial examination system management system, mainly the ancient Central Official Official government administrative officials, and Sima Qian Liu Qing Shi Liu facial features of feudal society Summary of the Central Bureaucracy Bureaucracy Bureaucracy Han Song Central Central Official Review of the election system in ancient China Civil Civil election officials a lot of ways, there are hereditary, accept cheap, war service, recommend, Lang S, Yan Yin, and ancient Chinese imperial examination system and other administrative systems
History
. There are three main stages and three systems, namely the hereditary system of Qin, Qin and Han to Wei, the Sui and Tang to the Qing Recommendation of the system and the imperial system. Also called World of State Shilu hereditary system, prevalent in the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. End of primitive society, Characterized by hereditary right of kingship and family reunification. It is through the family blood ties to determine the appointment of government officials at all levels, determined by blood levels of hierarchy and closeness Guanjue compete. Those who have given official title and fief and feud for generations to enjoy. Recommend recommend the system is capable personnel, authorized government official in his official selection system. Recommend criteria are virtue, talent, and not depend on family background, it broke through the Qin aristocracy hereditary blood barriers. The police held the Western Han Dynasty, Zheng provision of the emergence of the system, recommend system is a sign of maturity, and Wei Election system is based on the police held the emperor's subjects under the edict, by the senior officials of central or local, recommended by scholars study or subordinate to the central election official the official system. It is also the essence of Recommendation of the system. Cha Ju held and age sub-imperial move. Chao move was Emperor of choosing a special talent. Years of age is held regularly Dingyuan governor recommended to the court personnel. Subjects cited the police are virtuous Founder, Xiaolian, too Ph.D. students or other special move Hedo. Sometimes the emperor for the virtuous Founder of Levy provision of the emperor and the selection and appointment is a member of Mayor Gongqing a system. Emperor feature, called recruits personnel for the Selection of officials in the late Eastern Han Dynasty market skills if asked, clique, and fraud in vogue, the police move, the system becoming corrupted levy provision. Cao Wei, the king accepted the Board of Civil Shang Chen Qun Cao Pi proposal, the In the state, county officials set the size of Chiang Kai-shek, is responsible for the first door by family background and moral order, and to draw upon public opinion, from the next on to the next evaluation in nine other local scholars for grades granted by the court official. Election system grade System is the development of power by local officials will choose centralization, people in nine other categories in the school talent is an innovative, standards tend to well before the election. Wei and Jin periods patriarch rule to strengthen, to the Eastern Jin Dynasty after the system of abuses to Chiang Kai-shek weight, judge at random, aristocratic family patriarch dominated by Chiang Kai-shek, control the election, to later create over into the road. Grade System has become a powerful family of tools rule. Summary of Sui Dynasty imperial examination system after the reunification of the country, in order to strengthen the centralization of power, Emperor Wen Kai Huang seven (587) Waste grade System, established scholar families. Imperial Emperor Shiyou built to Founded in the Sui Dynasty Imperial Examination System, formed in the Tang Dynasty, the development of comprehensive in the Song Dynasty, and strengthen in the Ming Dynasty, the decline of the Qing Dynasty, successively stretching 1,300 years, Chinese officials in the late feudal society, the main Civil election system. Features ① public examinations, a certain degree of equality of competition. In addition to excellent business initiatives soap scribe persons, regardless of family status and wealth levels, as long as a certain cultural knowledge, may be pregnant with dispatch in the counties open examination. It broke through the Wei, Jin and powerful family since the rule for the small landlord class, opened the way Going to scholars. ② examination system becoming more and more. Imperial Imperial Civil Service Examination is divided according to subject nature nothing can be held, Martial. Man held another system of divided families, and often families. System Division is the emperor obtain temporary celebrities subjects. Ordinary Branch Division admitted as a regular system. Subject often numerous, there are scholar Branch, out by the Division, Imperial, Ming ########, Ming count Branch, the boys Division and other subjects. Different test methods and content subjects. Candidates are also becoming regular sources, is the capital or counties Science Museum of Scholars called the Test procedures, test the Tang Dynasty and the provincial state test, successful candidates increased Song, Ming Court trial after another, provincial examinations, will try and imperial exam. Three successful candidates for a test, rank determined by the emperor himself, will be one a one, two, three, said the champion, second place, third overall. ③ The cultural knowledge as the main admission criteria. Examinations in different subjects, contents vary, but the examination Poetry, the justice, policy questions, mathematics, law, etc., are dominated by cultural knowledge. Imperial examination system has a positive meaning in the early. After the Ming and Qing strengthened authoritarian monarchy, imperial examination system to the form from the content of the examination have undergone major changes. ① re-examination content mainly by justice, not practical use. Proposition examination must note the Confucian classics by Chu Hsi of the Four Books, Five Classics based, and ② stereotyped were admitted to the form of rigid, lacking in substance, bound people's thinking. ③ questions fragmented, partial, difficult, strange, Austria, in addition to examination in fraud, please monitor clinical care, increasing the breeding of official corruption. Examination system has gradually become obstacles to social development, to late Qing Dynasty was finally abolished. Although the examination system Sui and Tang Quan election officials after the main way, but the hereditary system, recommend system and the military exploit, officials into, accept cheap, tax officials,
paul smith london, elected officials and other shade seal system as a supplementary form of the imperial examination system continues to exist. Official management system, including the appointment of officials, performance incentives, salary and rank products leave retirement system. To ensure that officials at all levels of the political criteria, the selection history after all attach importance to the appointment of officials. Qin is recommend to ensure the quality of officials, who cited the provisions of the The appointment of officials after the Han dynasty a variety of restrictions, the court officials of the candidate family background, occupation, property, qualifications, nationality, physical and appearance have some requirements. Such as the Qin and Han dynasties since the implementation of Restraining Commerce policy, the limits to varying degrees on behalf of official business. Wei and Jin periods, limiting cold family as senior officials, the Sixteen Kingdoms, Northern Wei, Yuan and Qing Dynasty and to the appointment of certain officials of the national limit. In the hierarchical bureaucracy, the background and qualifications are given priority when any of the conditions of the official, bureaucratic system, the more perfect background and qualifications more stringent restrictions. In order to avoid favoritism in official circles, since the Eastern Han Dynasty, he served as the official requirement of recusal. Eastern Han Dynasty, Han brothers and nephews, and also provides a marriage between Qi is not official in a department or region, if the election official in a department or region, one of them would like to state to avoid. Tang not only that officials can not serve in the domicile, and not allowed in the neighboring counties where the domicile of any officer. Tang also provides clinical supervision where prosecutors linked to, or duties of the office, should be avoided between relatives, such as the prime minister's son not let Advisors, brothers, and so can not serve in the same province. The avoidance of any official in the Qing Dynasty more stringent requirements, such as around the origin can not be clearly defined in the Crown 500; the central ministries in charge of provincial affairs officers of the Secretary shall not use the same mainlanders; where Beijing officials Mishina more, local officials the Governor, the governor and other high officials of the children, can not act as censors in Beijing, and so on. Some dynasties for any official there are some special provisions. Such as the Tang Dynasty, an increase of any official standards body, speech, books, and other conditions of sentence, the person shall be required official position Fengwei physical appearance, verbal argue generous, neat and beautiful calligraphy, fine Arts and judgments. After the official appointment, the court must give their identity by faith level. Ribbon from the Warring States and India have made from gold, silver, copper and various metal textures purple, blue, black, yellow and other colors of ribbon, marking the official capacity level. Appointment of officials, from the Han Dynasty had its one-year probationary period, incompetent or he stressed Zuoqian, or deposed. Granted before the Ming Dynasty officials have real Bureaucracy in ancient China, the central slave society, feudal society of ancient central government institutions and their official system. Xia Wang Xia assisted when there's Liu Qing. Sagong as Liu Qing in the first, Hou palm agriculture, Bishop of Stuart, Dali Main Prison, hundreds of hands were construction engineering management, risk man palm Shanze livestock. In addition, the Xia Dynasty has established a preliminary charge of the military, farming and taxes levied by authorities. Shang Shang Dynasty established the center to the central body. Minister for the primary adjuvant Shang Yin. Under which a charge of labor service in Stuart, director of engineering and director of Prison's Sikou Sagong. Shang Zhou greater development of the central institutions. Fubi Zhou Wang for Excellencies: Taishi, Tutor, CPIC. Sangong under the Government administration official Liu Qing Shi Qing Shi Liu, and Tai Shi Liu, and Tai Shi Liu. Liu Qing Shi there are three Affairs Officer: Stuart, Sima and Sagong were in charge of farming, development and construction labor only sign. Sima Qian Liu is in charge of the calendar, sacrifices, divination and cultural and educational administrative departments. Shang Dynasty Western Zhou Dynasty, compared with religious affairs officials, their status declined. Spring and Autumn Warring States period of social change, with the advancement of the process of feudalism, the vassal state government agencies undergone important changes. States have appeared in the Spring and Autumn assisted monarch to address the main government consul. Qin said the Qing, Asia and large Shu Chang Qing, Chu said Yoshitada, Qi, Jin, Lu, Zheng Asian countries, said phase. Although the name of different countries, but its position and particular portfolio are the equivalent of the later Central agencies are increasingly improved. Qi, Lu and Zheng, Chu and other countries inherited the Western Zhou Dynasty Bureaucracy, still Szeto, Sima, and Sikou Sagong government chief executive. Officials have other important matters: Secretary for the tax charge of agricultural fields, the level of financial accounting palm, palm Shanze, Hunting for Yu persons. With the increasing exchanges between feudal states, countries pedestrian to the main diplomatic. Historian Sima Qian's important position and his duties as The early Warring States, with the national Reform movement's progress, the establishment of a centralized political system of feudal despotism, became an important feature at this time the Central Bureaucracy. Due to historical and traditional reasons, the official system is still not uniform. Facial features are divided into: Daejeon, Dahon, large bridge, and Dali, and Grand Marshall. Chu self-contained system, Yoshitada Chief Executive of the Central, the Zhu Guo, Grand Marshall and the Great General is the senior military officer. Qin along the Shanxi, but also the East Asian countries to take long, formed a unique set of Bureaucracy, and inherited the Han Dynasty, a pre-feudal society, the basic framework of the Central Bureaucracy. Summary of feudal society, the Central Bureaucracy Bureaucracy Qin Shi Huang unified China in 221 BC, the establishment of a centralized autocratic feudal empire. Since 1840 the Opium War in 2000 years of feudal society, the development and evolution of the Central Bureaucracy has gone through three stages. Central Bureaucracy Qin Qin, the Han emperor was established as the center of Three Public Jiuqing system. Excellencies for the prime minister, royal doctor and Qiu, sub-charge of administration, supervision and the military. Jiuqing to the main central government departments Chief Executive: Bong often Jiuqing first in charge of ancestral rituals and cultural education; doctor so that the palm guard the palace portal for Su Wei attendants Executive; Wei Wei as the palace guards of the officer; too servant of the emperor traveling palm, and palm National Horse governance; Tingwei sheriff for the central maximum; Code of Ethnic Affairs and Zhaopin palm off; being examined specifically to deal with the Royal family affairs; governance responsibilities for the collection of millet in the history of the Salt and Iron Zenitani tax and national financial payments; less government tax charge of Aboriginal and official pool Ze handicraft manufacturing, to supply the royal family. Jiuqing addition, there are law and order in the capital Lieutenant palm, palm palace, the ancestral temple, cemetery and other civil construction will be less government and fortune-Xuan Dahuang purpose and management of the palace after the affairs of a large long autumn. Weiwei Qin Jiuqing addition, the Supreme Court Official and treatment history of millet the main charge of administrative affairs Zhu Qing, the other main functions Zhuqing inner court for the emperor and royal service. Affairs of state and monarchs, regardless of family, government and court affairs mix, is one of the characteristics of Central Official Han. Han imperial power to strengthen, weaken the prime minister of power, the establishment of Sino-Korean system, the selection of a group of low-ranking officers involved in the political affairs of the inner court. Which originally belonged to less government, for the emperor in charge of the chancery and some instruments, the inner court personnel, the status has improved greatly. Imperial government often the first and the Book of History, Shi Zhong, Great General and other valet inner court, The practical effect of foreign Chaoguan be Xiaoduo, status decline, China and the DPRK officials were reused. Both China and the DPRK established the system of imperial power and the phase the product of conflict, but also the result of expansion of the power the inner court Elegance. After the emperor, the Grand Marshall (Qiu renamed by the Emperor), a large common phenomenon (Chengdi renamed by the royal doctor) and the prime minister (renamed when Ai Tai Situ) Sangong power further weakened. Book of the power to expand, the Book that is competent, five Cao. Fashion books to further expand the powers of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Shang agency said Taiwan has made, Pu She the 1, Book 6, sub-palm Excellencies, officials and the public, passengers, Erqian Dan and four other CAO officials in both, divided or replaced Jiuqing part of the authority. Eastern Han to Wei, the central government to the provinces to gradually shift from the Excellencies, administration gradually transition from the Jiuqing to six. Song Central Official Sui and Tang Dynasty Autocratic regimes tend to center complete, set up in six provinces of the emperor as the center of the system. The post of prime minister three provinces Executive has formed a clear division of provinces, and each other to contain the mechanism. This is an important change in the administrative system. Chancery is the hub of central administration, under the jurisdiction of six round Division. Book to take joint office system. Are living in the province center court for the central administrative activities. Chancery Executive about Pu She left and right Cheng, both in the office, about the Secretary under, sub-charge of six. Cao evolved six by six, led by the Ministry of Personnel, palm election officials granted, Xun Feng, and of the examination of governance, under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Personnel, Secretary letters, Si-Xun, test power four Division; the Ministry of the palm population, land, Zenitani and taxes of the government, under the jurisdiction of the Ministry, Expenditures, gold department, four positions in the Department of the Secretary; Rites charge of rites, sacrifices to enjoy, Imperial Examination in the government, under the jurisdiction of the Board of Rites, Cibu, Catering Department, subject and object Fourth Division; Hyobu palm Wu election , maps, traveling, a mechanical of the government, under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of War, the staff sides, driving the Ministry of Treasury Department IV Division; Punishments palm decrees, criminal law, only Li and by re-rendered and cut the government, under the jurisdiction of the Board of Punishments, all officials, more than Department of the Ministry Division Four Division; Shanze palm and Industry, Mita, construction and craftsmen of the government, under the jurisdiction and Industry, Mita, Yu Department, the Division IV water sector. Sui and Tang Book of the formation of six, from the name of the particular portfolio authority, or organizational system, compared with the Qin and Han Jiuqing is a big step forward. Outside the temple there are nine six five supervisors, which evolved from the Qin and Han Jiuqing. Cao Wei, Jin and six substitute Jiuqing from some of the functions, the Jiuqing kept the name though, but the role has changed a lot. Southern renamed Temple, deputy Chief Executive, said Emily, Shaoqing. Only nine palm Chang Temple temple of worship, rituals, owned by the Ministry of Rites examinations; of the original charge of the palace guards Guanglu Temple (that evolved from the doctor), palm wine ceremony special meal delicate matter; Weiwei specifically to deal with weapons and Temple ceremonial tent, not the palm guard; Taipu Si palm general horse policy, regardless of the emperor traveling; Tingwei renamed the supreme court, palm Prison trial, the administration of justice go Punishments; Administrations for Frontier Minorities sponsored palm Temple rituals, alien Zhaopin go Rites; Division Temple tube storage of agricultural matters, the tax return the Ministry of Finance; Zongzhengsi duties unchanged; too much government for the new temple, palm Jinbo government possession. Five prison for the Imperial College, less government supervision, will be monitoring, military surveillance, and all water monitoring devices, sub-charge of school education as well as national and handicraft manufacturing palace, palaces, city ##############, government office in the building and so on. Temple five independent nine formal supervision, in fact, and six with the offices. Song Shen-Yuan Feng in the central body are quite different before and after. Genpo ago, although there are still six provinces, but useless. To This form administrative, military, financial situation of separation of powers, the prime minister's power weakened. The power of six additional organizations to be constantly infringe. Such as the Ministry of Personnel, the right to review the official return of Eastern Hospital, flow within the Civil, review the official West Temple, Three homes; the Ministry, is vested in the Division III; the Board of Rites, is vested in the Court etiquette; the Ministry of War, is vested in the Privy Council; Board of Punishments, criminal trial the right to return homes, picket Prison in Beijing Division; and Industry, is vested in the Secretary build the three cases and so on. Five supervisors in nine parts of Temple Temple, monitoring the transfer of power had a similar situation. Shenzong Yuanfeng five years (1082), the implementation of the central bureaucracy reformation, strike to the Secretary and all the motley three bodies, six provinces and returned to the pattern of the Tang Dynasty. Book of the Tang Dynasty is a different line of sijung Zuopu She and assistant minister under the door things, the Book You Pushe line Zhongshu Ling and assistant minister in the post of the book, the term for the prime minister (later prime minister left); In addition, the Privy Council staff Any preserved. Change the central administrative systems Yuan Tang, Song of the provinces as a provincial system of the system - the Central Secretariat, the executive secretariat is the highest government authorities, six of its own. Ming and Qing dynasties Qing Central Official Development of China's feudal autocratic monarchy to an extreme centralization. The early Ming emperor of the central government made a greater adjustment. First prime minister since the Qin and Han waste consultant and system for the cabinet system for daily public. Monitoring changes since the Imperial Han is Censorate; military forces of bigger Fore Fore five. Improve the six position, directly responsible to the emperor, eunuchs and the establishment of large institutions and their agents under the control of plant health organizations. Particularly among the prime minister set up the Cabinet to scrap the system of government to adjust the main content. Cabinet formed by the Imperial Academy degree, sub-Grand Secretary, sub-secondary and group counseling. The main duty of Paradise after becoming involved in political affairs Cabinet degree, not only consultants, and exercised the power. Cabinet then by the early Ming emperors consultants secretary, into the national administration center. Established by the Manchu Qing Dynasty nobility, the beginning of the meeting of the Eight Banners flag owners and government Wangda Chen common government. Yongzheng, the Northwest frequent use of troops, military affairs for the timely discussion, based munitions room, later renamed The beginning of the provisional institutions, after the meeting not only replace the government Wangda Chen, and the power to expand and become the emperor dealt with under the direct control of the national military and political affairs department of the central Colonial. Its characteristics are: high efficiency, speed and confidentiality. Six terms of reduced clearance, is not the central administration, can not be directly under the decree. Remaining supreme court of Qing Dynasty Temple prison, Chang Temple, Guanglu Temple, Tai Pusi and Administrations for Frontier Minorities Temple. Government's position of people were in the top six. Imperial College Supervisor remaining five, the other four supervisors, and has owned and Industry. After the Opium War, the Qing court to adapt to foreign powers to maintain the feudal regime of aggression and the need for bureaucracy reformation and restructuring. More Atlas Atlas entry Open Category: China, systems, ancient and personnel,
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