IBM spun off less profitable businesses

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Lead: The United States today, science and technology information website Informationweek comment on the article, reviews the history of a century with IBM's 24 landmark moments.
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IBM today ushered in the centennial. From punch cards to the S/360 mainframe, to a floating-point operations from the tabulation machine, from the CEO Watson to supercomputers,
IBM's predecessor - the calculation time watch companies, or Old Tom Watson (Tom Watson Sr.) In 1914 and 1956 head of the company's business, the ambitious leader in 1924 the company changed its name to
in the old Watson and his son Tom Watson (Tom Watson Jr., 1956 年 to 1971 executives of any company), under the leadership, IBM undertake a variety of large-scale projects, including the 1935 United States, Along the way, IBM has accumulated a large number of patents, including the tabulation machines, typewriters, dynamic random access memory (DRAM), hard drives, bar code and magnetic card, etc., some of which can be seen everywhere in daily life.
in software, IBM is also remarkable contributions. It developed FORTRAN, COBOL and SQL programming language, invented the relational database and voice recognition software. Technology From the 1960s to the early 1980s, IBM dominated the computing world, but its success has led to an antitrust investigation. The early 1990s, outside interference and near-blind expansion led to the collapse of IBM, but when he was president and CEO of Gerstner (Lou Gerstner) to turn the tide, and resolutely resist the spin-off IBM's voice. In recent years, IBM software and services into the market, rise again. This technology giant in the 100 years of ups and downs in the formation of their own culture: the emphasis on internal leadership training, R & D investment, thoughtful.
one, CTR: IBM predecessor
1911 年 6 16, calculate the time the company tab (CTR) was set
1911 年 6 16, calculate the time the company tab ( Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company, referred to as CTR) was set up. The company by the tabulation machine company (founded in 1880), International Time, Inc. (founded in 1900) and computing scale company (founded in 1901) from the merger. CTR has 1,300 employees, is headquartered in New York. To 1915, its revenue reached $ 4 million to nearly 1,700 employees.
Second, IBM punch cards: the industry-standard
1923 年, CTR invented the first electric drilling machine
tabulation machine is a core component of CTR, invented the perforated card data processing technology. In 1923, CTR invented the first electric drilling machine, drilling machine, compared with the manual, the speed and accuracy has been greatly improved. The late 1920s, IBM developed a 80 punch card, then called
three, Carol stamping machine: the first anti-monopoly investigation
1920's, IBM introduced a stamping machine
Carol for IBM punch cards to create huge profits. These cards can store and an employee or customer information for all. 1920, IBM introduced Carol stamping machines, each machine can cut per minute,Juicy Scottie Bling Collection, printing 460 cards. This powerful device caused the government's attention. In 1956, IBM reached a settlement with the U.S. Department of Justice, agreed to give up most of the punch card capacity (which is IBM suffered two large-scale antitrust investigation in the first). However, a small settlement agreement signed by Tom Watson has realized that storage technology will soon crossed the stage of punch cards.
Fourth, Dayton scale: unwanted stepson
IBM's business inherited from Dayton scale computing scale company
IBM's business inherited from Dayton scale computing scale company, pricing benchmark for the food and beverage production equipment. The company's business apathy, and ultimately sold it in 1933, Hobart Manufacturing Company.
five, Daily Dial Attendance: rotary punch
1930's, IBM's business has finally launched a timer called the timer operations finally unveil a Employees need to dial to their employee number, to complete punch. The device is divided into three types, namely, 50, 100 and 150 can record employees' attendance. In 1958, IBM sold timer operations.
six, IBM personnel department of a punch card
picture of an IBM human resources have not yet used IBM punch cards
HR a picture yet the use of punch cards, left for people to read printed information, the right side of the printing for the machine-readable information (ie, drilling in the right position). At that time, theft of data theft is the meaning of these cards.
seven, accounting, computing machine: the flagship product
1934, IBM introduced the 405 letters electromechanical driven machines
1934 accounting operations, IBM introduced the 405 letters electromechanical drive unit of accounting operations (Alphabetic Accounting Machine), the device can be prepared based on punch cards, printed full alphanumeric information in the report. The mid-1930s to the mid-1950s, accounting computing machine is IBM's flagship product.
eight pinboard: Software prototype
405-type letters with the accounting computing machine type letters pinboard
405 accounting machine equipped with a plug-op board, this bulky Peripheral equivalent computing machine accounting Companies have to buy a lot of different functions of the plug board, to prepare payroll, sales reports, stock lists. Punched card as storage media, saving the employee working hours, sales and orders, and other data. Accounting computing machine is not memory, so it is still a tabulation equipment, rather than the computer.
nine, help, accounting service are very high demands. Punch cards and IBM accounting in computing machine with the help of the Social Security Board to deal with every day up to 600,000 welfare calculations, sufficient to meet the new law protected by the 26 million workers needs.
ten, 603-type multiplier: from electromechanical switches to the vacuum tube
1946, IBM introduced 603 electronic multiplier
1946, IBM introduced 603 electronic multiplier, addition and multiplication computing speed is 5 times the previous products. The device abandoned the electromechanical switches, start using the vacuum tube circuit.
eleven, SSEC:'s first stored program computer can be modified
1948, IBM introduced an optional sequence electronic calculator
1948, IBM introduced an optional sequence electronic calculator (Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator, referred to as the The figure is just the device's console, and the entire machine filled a large room. SSEC is called the first stored program computer can be modified. IBM invites university professors and research to companies who use this equipment free of charge, act in good faith to promote the sale of SSEC.
twelve,http://www.######5u.com/plus/view.php?aid=175855, SAGE: the military service
1958 年, IBM research and development for the North American air defense system SAGE AN/FSQ-7 computer
1958 年, IBM began in accordance with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory signed a contract for the North American air defense system developed SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment, Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) AN/FSQ-7 computer. This piece of equipment by the large number of core (above) composed of an array, covering about 1 acre (about 4000 square meters). It is put into use since 1962, worked until the early 1980s.
thirteen, Shoebox: speech recognition, was born
1961 年, IBM released a voice-recognition system Shoebox
1961 年, IBM announced Shoebox voice recognition system, 16 identifiable words, and from 1 to 9 figures. IBM was in 1962, Seattle World's Fair show the device.
fourth, 7090-type mainframe: Provides booking services
1962 年, IBM announced the 7090-type mainframe
1962 年, IBM announced the Model 7090 mainframe computer, the first for American Airlines the company's booking system. The system through telephone lines to provide
fifteen, S/360 mainframe: the most risky decisions
1956 years, Tom Watson Jr. of IBM's new IBM's new At that time, technological change in the ascendant, transistors replaced vacuum tubes, magnetic storage to replace the punch card. In 1962, Watson decided to completely restructuring the company's product strategy, R & D S/360 mainframe, and the market in 1964. Watson said that this was the best adventure he had made the decision because the previous IBM S/360 and equipment is not compatible, which means users need to re-enter a lot of money. IBM to spend $ 5 billion developing a series of modular products, they can use the same programming techniques,Juicy Couture Purse, can also be flexible to adjust for many applications. These devices are based on solid logic technology, computer, and this technology is the predecessor of integrated circuits.
XVI navigation computer: boosting the U.S. space program
IBM for NASA's plan to develop the image above the navigation computer, weighing 59 pounds (about 27 kg). In the development of this device, IBM has improved the silicon circuit manufacturing process, and technology experience applied to
XVII Watson victory: revenues $ 7.5 billion
1970, IBM's revenue to $ 7.5 billion
1960, IBM's revenues $ 1.8 billion, with 104,000 employees. Strong, driven by the S/360, 1970, IBM's revenue to $ 7.5 billion and employs over 269,000. In the 1970s, IBM released an upgraded version of the S/370,Juicy Couture Laptop, and S/360 faster than computing higher reliability. U.S. Department of Justice on IBM's worried about the rapid development and re-launched in 1969 antitrust lawsuit. In this case played a full 13 years; 1982, the U.S. government withdrawal.
eighth, the first portable computer: weighing 23 kg
's first portable computer: weighing 23 kg
1975, IBM introduced the first portable computer, model 5100. The device weighs 50 pounds (about 23 kg), the memory of 16KB or 64KB, priced at 9000 or 20,000.
nineteen, IBM PC: get business people recognized
Until 1981, IBM PC was so that business people believe the PC is not a toy
Apple first launched in 1977, mass production of personal computer, and with great success. However, until 1981, IBM PC was so that business people believe the PC is not a toy. IBM PC is priced at 1600-4500 U.S. dollars, the memory of 16KB to 256KB.
twenty, AS/400 server: for SMEs
1988 年, IBM announced the AS/400 server product line
1988 年, IBM announced the AS/400 server product line, so that SMEs with an easy to use computing power. IBM and its partners have developed more than 1,000 models of industrial software suite.
twenty-first, Gerstner New Deal: invest heavily in software and services
1993 年, IBM to expand into the red because of the blind, and the first external CEO
1993 年, IBM for the blind expansion into a loss, and the first external CEO. Gerstner took office to slash costs and lay off tens of thousands of people, this is the first time in company history. But he refused to split IBM. Over the next decade, IBM spun off less profitable businesses,Juicy Dotty Day Dreamer Bag, such as DRAM, network, personal printers and hard drives, etc., and invest heavily in software and services, the acquisition of Lotus Software and PricewaterhouseCoopers.
XXII, developed supercomputer This device uses advanced cluster calculation. In 1999, IBM launched The project achieved a high-speed communication between nodes, the node can handle part and component failures without shutting down the entire system, which greatly promoted the development of parallel computing technology.
xxiii, to sell its PC business: pushing the early, IBM introduced the Thinkpad series notebook computers. In 2002, Palmisano to succeed Gerstner as the new CEO, he continued to sell low-margin business, investment in high-profit business strategy. In 2005, IBM sold its PC business to Lenovo. On the other hand, Palmisano has the software business to more than $ 10 billion, focusing on information management, business intelligence and data analysis areas, including the acquisition of FileNet, Cognos, SPSS, iLog, and Netezza, including companies, to promote the current
XXIV development of the In February of this year's game, This means that IBM called (Dawn)
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