1 What is mental retardation?
people on the definition of mental retardation is very determined, for three reasons, first, the majority of researchers in research or a different focus, and the range of mental retardation itself is relatively broad. Second, the researcher's theoretical orientation quite different, some focus on the psychological theory, and some focus on physical aspects of the theory. Third, the psychological impact of innate factors by large, slow on the psychological study of an earlier age, so many aspects of the study have some difficulties.
Although there is no strict definition, but it still made some mental retardation and interpretation of the provisions, it is explained generally include the following three aspects: lower than average intelligence, or intelligence in middle age; socially acceptable behavior is low ; low social adaptability.
socially acceptable behavior is the norm of public behavior, the reason why people's behavior is normal, because people's behavior to be accepted and recognized, if a person often can not be recognized by everyone's behavior, then that the person's socially acceptable behavior may be a problem.
social adaptability refers primarily to people adapt
life environment and society capacity.
Therefore, mental retardation can not be the same as mental retardation, mental retardation is only one performance, in addition to including the other two aspects.
1.1
mental mental mental retardation is an important performance, before people's mental retardation research more focused on the intelligence issue. Evaluation of intelligence is generally Benel reference standard, the average score is 100, standard deviation 15,2.29% of the lower two standard deviation, 2.29% of the high standard deviation of 2, 68% of people in a standard difference within a person's low intelligence if two standard deviations, the intelligence can be diagnosed as mental retardation.
1.2
socially acceptable behavior acceptable method of assessing the behavior of the main two, one daily observation, observation of the performance of adaptive behavior of children without exception. Second, the test method. More commonly used tests of social behavior scale with 2: Baylay Child Development Inventory; Cattle's Intelligence Scale for Children, the behavior of the acceptance test has the following four main areas: behavior, such as stacking wood, and other behavior for the game ; social behavior, such as crying, laughing, contact with people and other behavior; motor performance, such as walking, waiting for the action of the normal level; verbal performance,
tory burch outlet, the availability of different language performance, such as the language is too small, too much or stop strange language performance.
1.3
social adaptive behavior, also known as social adjustment, including food, clothing and other aspects of adaptation behavior.
United States mental retardation of adaptive behavior will make the following explanation: the individual independence and social responsibility standards to meet the effectiveness and extent.
a lot of social adaptive behavior scale, there are hundreds of species, the test of adaptive behavior are the following three parts: daily activities, mainly basic necessities performance; cognitive, social, perceptual [u] movement and self-directed behavior; critical operations.
2
classification of mental retardation because the study focused on different people, using different standards, different people to make the classification, but the main categories
system There are three.
2.1 to conduct intelligence-based classification system
1983 年, AAMD children's intelligence, according to mental retardation will be divided into four categories: mild mental retardation. 50-70 points; moderate mental retardation. 35-50 points; severe mental retardation. 20,25-35 points; severe mental retardation. 20, 25 points or less.
2.2 to adaptive behavior and intellectual function-based classification system.
1973 年 AAMD also use adaptive behavior and intellectual functioning two standard classification of mental retardation made its
mode as follows:
photos
Thus, Mental retardation is divided into two categories;
severe mental retardation. Poor performance of adaptive behavior and intellectual functioning is low. Such children are usually slow physical development, poor ability to adapt to life, life can not take care of themselves, although they have to eat, drink and so desire, but only with the help of others can be achieved. Their language is limited to a few simple monotonous sentences, almost no stimulation of the surrounding big response.
moderate mental retardation. There are two cases, one adaptive behavior is low, but no abnormal mental function, strictly speaking, this can not be defined as mental retardation, which may be over-protective parents and other
Education the way . Second, the low intellectual functioning, adaptive behavior, but no abnormalities, which can not be strictly defined as mental retardation, but they can be used as a reference treatment.
2.3 Classification of Education system
This is the field of education in the education sector, according to their level of education to mental retardation can be divided into the following three categories: education can be a slight mental retardation. They, like other children with education, but academic performance is generally poor; can
training of the moderate mental retardation. Can not be the same with the other children received a normal education, but through special education and training can also give them some life skills; need supervision and protection of the serious psychological retardation. Their lives can not take care of themselves, maybe even self-injurious behavior, so people need supervision and protection.
3 causes of mental retardation mental retardation
The main reason is physiological in nature, although the education and acquired a definite link, but the link is not very obvious, so we only explain the physiological reasons.
3.1 infections
80% of children resulting mental retardation. Primary infection during pregnancy is fetal infection in the mother, and mother's physical environment. On the one hand, infection with bacteria and viruses of the infection, the infection caused by several factors the following: syphilis, live blood echinococcosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus in urine and so on. Some
disease I have no effect on the mother, but a great impact on the fetus, such as cytomegalovirus in urine, can cause fetal brain damage. Rubella will not only cause mental retardation, but also cause sensory disorders such as eye, ear and heart, was the mother of the disease infection rate of the fetus 15-20%, and infection occurs primarily in the first pregnancy 16 - 24 weeks. Live blood echinococcosis cause fetal malformations and physical development of the next is not sound. The other hand, when the medication with the disease on the mother. Have more serious effects on the fetus of drugs following categories: hormones; prevent the body's metabolism of drugs such as anti-purine drug, anti-pyrimidine drugs, etc.; alkyl compounds and drugs damage cells, such as nitrogen mustard; antibiotics; mixed group of drugs, such as hallucinogens. Size of the role of drugs and taking time-related, in general, taking the sooner, the greater the impact on the fetus. Specifically, in the first two weeks of pregnancy, drug had little effect on the fetus, because when the fetus has not yet formed. 2-10 weeks, the fetus has great sensitivity to the drug at this time, fetal organs such as brain, heart, liver, etc. is formed, then the drug on the fetus have a greater damage to these organs. Three months later, the fetus begins to form the nervous system, nervous system, a great sensitivity to drugs, drugs will affect the myelin sheath of nerves, resulting in adverse consequences.
3.2
trauma caused psychological trauma is an important reason for slow. This is also the mother's pregnancy with the environment, the formation of three trauma cases: prenatal trauma, perinatal trauma and post-natal trauma.
cause prenatal trauma, there are two main reasons. Pre-rays. Including natural rays,
tory burch outlet, X-rays emitted radiation, and some machines. Natural light in a different context, its role is very different, but currently there is no material to show that natural light can cause mental retardation. Many studies have shown, X rays on the fetus are obvious. The machine emitted ray studies have shown that a strong radar radiation to the fetus also has a significant impact, especially in the pregnancy of 2-6 weeks. Prenatal hypoxia. Prenatal hypoxia causes fetal brain damage. Studies have shown that prenatal hypoxia pre-school children than other children's cognitive ability is poor.
postpartum mental retardation may also be caused by hypoxia, such as children with severe anemia, poisoning,
tory burch outlet, convulsions and collapse half-collapsed state and so on. Acquired form of trauma also caused by external causes of head and neck or head injury. Post-natal trauma caused by the general three ways: traffic crashes, falls and fights.
the damage is mainly produced by the production period is too long or too much production time caused by squeezing.
3.3 Metabolic and nutritional disorders of some
chemical
of factors can lead to confusion in children's mental retardation,
love bracelet cartier, but some of the factors of which we are not familiar with. The following diseases are confused with the chemical factors: the lack of lip-like neurological disease; ganglia glycosides fat deficiency; galactose blood; nucleotide confusion; glycosides Wilson changed, these are metabolic disorders, although Many of these diseases, but can be roughly divided into four categories, namely vitamin metabolism disorder, lip-like metabolic disorder, metabolic disorder, and sugar compounds with confusion about the device quality. Early metabolic mixture will cause the mental retardation of children, such children are often difficult to form a number of adaptive behavior, such as communication skills, self-care behavior, but also accompanied by a significant mood disorder.
3.4
large area of a large area of the brain lesions of the brain lesions are mainly concerned with the following two cases. First, the tuberous sclerosis. This is a rare congenital disorder, accounting for children born 1 / 150000, the performance of certain parts of the body of a tumor, usually seen in the brain and skin, resulting in the brain when the tumor will result in a large area of brain damage. It was found that children suffering from this disease will appear 62% of mental retardation. This performance is not a single symptom, so it will be difficult to diagnose, but so far no avail better treatment. Second, the nerve fibers tumors. Like the former is a congenital disease, and skin can also cause brain damage, the incidence rate of 1 / 2000, 8.5% of children and related mental disorder, 50% of patients have mental retardation performance.
Mental retardation and its causes
psychology retardation and its causes
Zheng Xi-Fu Zheng Xi-Fu, Hunan Normal University Department of Psychology, Changsha, 410081
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