Mature corn
corn (scientific name: Zea mays), also known as maize, corn, popcorn, stick; Cantonese as corn, wheat fan called Taiwanese, is a herbaceous annual grasses, but also the highest total world food crops. Chinese name: corn foreign name: Maize, corn another name: corn, shell reed, corn sector: Flora door: angiosperm classes: monocots outline: Wo The Head Family: Poaceae Genus: corn species: Corn
directory
categories of corn and corn source address in Chinese characteristics in the form of geographical distribution of different categories of basic characteristics of plant cultivation history of plant cultivation history of the use of corn ear rot diseases common disease common nutritional value of pest control therapeutic value of medicinal value of feeding value of knowledge of other network hosts phonetic language Yumi: yù `mǐ
Yumi
Latin name / Scientific name: Zea maysL.
sweet corn
English name: Maize, corn Alias: corn, shell Lu, Yu-Shu, Yu wild rice millet, large milo, stick, popcorn, corn, Yu-Ling, Yu-wheat, thin wheat, corn beans, six Valley, Lo millet, Zhenzhu Mi, the roots of wheat, barley package the beans. Corn, corn is called in Cantonese, Shanghai dialect and Taiwanese called fan wheat. Anhui Lu dialect as the Su-hu dialect 2. Maize originated in Mexico or Central America, Cuba, in 1492 Columbus discovered corn in the future until the entire North and South America have cultivated. 1494, after the corn back to Spain and gradually spread around the world. The Ming Dynasty, the planting of corn has reached more than ten provinces, such as Jilin and Zhejiang, Fujian, Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shandong, Henan, Hebei and other places. Maize in different address in the Chinese imperial wheat wheat, corn wheat, wheat fan, the Western Paradise wheat, millet, wheat, wheat Rong, including wheat, wheat shell, Fan barley, red to be wheat, Yimai, Zephaniah wheat, corn millet Linmark Class of corn, corn millet, corn rice millet, golden rice millet, Jade P. maximum, Yu Mi millet, large milo, Fan millet, Yu Lu millet, sorghum kaoliang class kaoliang, Yu Shu kaoliang, jade kaoliang kaoliang, kaoliang kaoliang, jade kaoliang large jade cream class kaoliang kaoliang beam beam, Jade sorghum, large sorghum, Yu Liang, Yu sorghum, millet beam alone pearl millet paste, beheaded Su, Su Yin, Italian millet, millet bud, day side millet, pearl millet reed, rice bag of millet, beans, chicken corn, millet pockets, milk millet, the case of millet, Italian millet, Milo, poppy (opium poppy and as a junior homonym), high-Su, Kim beans millet, millet antlers, including fetal millet Jade Lo, Lo, kaoliang, balls, beads shell Lu Lu class, waist Lo, bud Luomi class Zhenzhu Mi, corn, bags of rice, including children meters, bar m, hexagonal meters, antlers meters, Royal meters, Bar meters, Fan meters, including the beam m, ten feet sago, taro rice, rice stick, Kwun Yam meters, sub meters, steamed rice, including grains, beans, rice and old taro fan beans, the beans, Beans, beans, cereals Yu Lu corn, corn, Shun King Valley, six valley jade Zizania Zizania other natives Valley, Yu Liu, Yu-son, Rong Shu, Yu-seed, grain bags, children, Yulu, Yu Shu, Yu, waist edge leopard, fruit bud , including beans, cover, stick, stick vertebrae, Lo Shu, List children, wooden club,, millet, bread, fruit characteristics of shell morphology bluegrass Branch (Poaceae) family of maize (Maydeae) annual cereal plant, scientific name Zea mays, originated in North, Central and South America. Plant tall, strong stems, erect. Leaves narrow and big, wavy edge, in the alternate sides of the stem. Male inflorescence spike-like top students. Female flower spikes, axillary, mature into the ears of corn,
Yumi
with a thick central axis, the spikelets in pairs into the two rows of columns after the development of grain. Abnormal ears of corn outside the multi-leaf, called the foreskin. Edible grain. Maize diploid chromosome number of somatic cells of 10 pairs. Commercial grade grain texture based mainly divided into species of horse teeth, hard species, silty species, burst types, and waxy corn, sweet corn. Top grain depression, because of the hard grains of starch and soft starch caused the dryness is not equal. Flint corn containing little soft starch, dry the top does not sag. Corn starch containing soft silty, silty, easy to crush. Sweet corn wrinkled, transparent, and sugar is not converted into starch. Popcorn is a type of extreme hard corn, grain is small and hard, without the soft starch, water expansion when heated cells, grain burst. Can be improved with the inbred lines of corn hybrid types. Yumi used as feed, food and industrial raw materials, as a major food in many areas, but the nutritional value than other grains, protein content is also low, and the lack of tobacco acid, if corn is susceptible to major food pellagra. Valley of corn protein is low, not suitable for making bread. In Latin America, corn is widely used as non-fermented corn cake. Throughout the United States are edible corn, make cooking (or baking) corn on the cob, butter, corn flakes, corn grits (made from corn meal in the south), corn pudding, grits, polenta, scones, corn patties, corn blasting flowers, cakes and other kinds of food. In addition to food, the corn ethanol industry and the liquor is the main raw material. There are several ways wet grain processing method is to sub-grain in dilute sulfuric acid solution to soak 40 to 60 hours; dry grinding method is to use spray or steam to make short-term wet grain; fermentation is the starch into sugar, and Add the sugar and yeast into alcohol. Use of other parts of plants are very wide: corn stalks for paper and wall systems; foreskin can be used as filling material and grass weaving arts; corn cob can be used as fuel, also used to make industrial solvents, stems and leaves used for livestock in addition feeds, or digesters good raw materials. Form
maize (Zea mays) ear
corn roots to be roots, in addition to the radicle, but also grow from the internode section on the root: roots grow from the underground section of the underground section is called the root, usually 4 to 7 layers; festival grow from the ground internode support the root, also known as roots, aerial roots, generally 2 to 3 layers. 1 ~ 4.5 m height, stalk cylindrical barrel. Whole plant leaves are generally 15 to 22, leaves the body wide and long, margin often wavy. Flowers uni######ual, monoecious. Male born in the top of plants for panicle; female born in the leaf axils in the central plant for the spadix. Female silk tassel flowering earlier than generally 3 to 5 days. Corn is the world's geographic distribution of the most widely distributed food crops, wheat and rice planting area behind the third door. . Planting range from latitude 58 ° (Canada and Russia) to latitude 40 ° (South America). Every month throughout the year the world's corn maturity. Corn is America's most important food crops, production accounts for about half of world production, of which about 2 / 5 for export. China, the world's total annual output of maize second, followed by Brazil, Mexico, Argentina. Annuals, herbs, grasses. Native to Central America, is the main food crops cultivated by the Indians, hi, high temperature, was introduced into China during the 17th century, maize corn plantings in China, a large, wide distribution, and southwest mountainous areas in north China and other Dry Valley, one of the main food people in the region. Lacey City of Shandong Province, an important maize producing areas. Kailu County of very high quality corn. Categories according to their form of maize grain, endosperm structure and there are no hull is divided into 9 types. 1. Also known as flint flint type. Grains mostly party round, the top and around the horny endosperm is only part of the silty center near embryo, it looks translucent and shiny, hard and full. Grain color, mostly yellow, sometimes with the, red, purple and other colors. Good grain quality, has long been cultivated in China more types, mainly for food use. 2. Also known as Ma Ma gear tooth type. Grain flat rectangular top of the silty drying faster than the skin on both sides, so the top of the middle of the concave shape of horse teeth, hence the name. Opaque grain rough skin wrinkles, mostly yellow, white, a few were purple or red, poor quality food. It is up to the world and a type of Chinese culture, suitable for manufacturing starch and alcohol, or for feed. 3. Semi-dent, also known as intermediate. It consists of flint and dent corn hybrids from. Depression than the top grain dent light, and some white spots are not only shaped depression. The top of the silty less endosperm than dent than flint, but more quality than a good dent in the Chinese culture more. 4. Type, also known as soft silty type. All of silty endosperm, grain white, dull. Preparation of starch only as raw materials in China rarely cultivated. 5. Sweet also known as sweet corn. More than the horny endosperm, sugar division multiple, low starch, water evaporation due to mature to seed the surface wrinkled, translucent. With more vegetables, the Chinese planted not more. 6. Sweet pink top half of the keratin-type grain endosperm; lower silty endosperm. China rarely cultivated. 7. Waxy-type, also known as waxy type. But all of the horny endosperm opaque and waxy endosperm almost entirely composed of amylopectin. Diet like rice, sticky soft taste. China only sporadic cultivation. 8. Smaller grains burst, or pearl-shaped rice-shaped, almost all endosperm horny, hard, transparent, and seed coat mostly white or red. Particularly suitable for processing of popcorn and other puffed food. China has a sporadic cultivation. 9. There is a long grain type lemma hull package, grain hard, hard threshing, is a primitive type, without cultivation. B. National standards for the quality of Chinese maize, maize grain according to color and grain texture is divided into five categories: yellow corn: yellow seed coat, including the reddish yellow corn. Standard set forth in U.S. yellow corn in the other colors Yumi content does not exceed 5.0%. White maize: seed coat is white, including the slightly yellow or pink corn. American Standard will be described as light straw yellow color, and provides other colors of white maize in the corn content is not more than 2.0%. Black corn: black corn is a special type of corn, the grain cuticle melanin in varying degrees, the appearance of glossy black. Corn: Rich sticky corn. Hybrid corn: a mixture of above three types of corn of corn outside the class more than 5.0% of the corn. China's national standard is defined as the mix other than the class of more than 5.0% of the corn maize. American standard for color expressed in neither the color of yellow corn to meet the requirements, do not meet the color requirements of white maize and yellow maize with white top. Conventional maize by Quality Classification: The most common corn grown the most common. Special Corn: refers to the addition to the conventional types of corn other than corn. Special Corn has the traditional sweet corn, waxy corn and pop corn, especially with the newly developed quality protein maize corn (high lysine corn), high oil corn and high amylose corn. As Special Corn has a higher than normal maize technical content and greater economic value, foreign to them as Sweet corn is usually divided into ordinary sweet corn, sweet corn and sweet corn to strengthen. Sweet corn harvest on the production technology and more stringent requirements, and the short shelf life. China has now mastered the full range of breeding technology and accumulated some resources, domestic bred various types of sweet corn can basically meet the market demand. Corn production technology it is much simpler than the sweet corn, compared with ordinary maize is almost no special requirements, harvesting more flexible, is relatively long shelf life, does not require special storage and processing conditions. In addition to fresh waxy corn, or starch, an important raw material processing industries. Chinese waxy maize breeding and production development is very fast. High oil corn oil content is high, especially linoleic and oleic acid and other unsaturated fatty acids up to 80%, with lower serum cholesterol, soften blood vessels. In addition, high oil corn higher than 10-12% of normal corn protein, 20% higher lysine and vitamin content is higher, is the grain, feed, taking into account the three multi-purpose oil corn. Quality Protein Maize (high lysine corn.) Not less than the normal corn yields, while the lysine content of whole grain 80-100% higher than the normal corn in some parts of China, has achieved the combination of high yield and quality. Purple corn is a very rare varieties of maize, due to particle shape of pearls, the Although the excellent quality of purple corn-specific, but the small bar, small grains, only 50 kg per mu. Other special varieties of corn and maize improvement. Including high-starch special corn, silage corn, edible corn hybrids and so on. Basic characteristics of planting corn thermophilic cultivation, the optimum temperature for seed germination of 25 ~ 30 ℃. Jointing of the day above 18 ℃. From heading to flowering day 26 ~ 27 ℃. Filling and maturity to be maintained at 20 ~ 24 ℃; lower than 16 ℃ or higher than 25 ℃, amylase activity affected, resulting in poor grain filling. Corn crop for the short day, sunshine hours in 12 hours, matured early. Long-day flowering is delayed, or even weighty. Corn in the sandy loam, loam, clay, could grow. Corn suitable soil pH is 5 to 8, to PH6.5 ~ 7.0 optimum. Salinity poor, especially chloride ions on the major corn damage. Corn roots to be roots, in addition to the radicle, but also grow from the internode section on the root: roots grow from the underground section of the underground section is called the root, usually 4 to 7 layers; section from the ground to grow roots and internode said support roots, aerial roots, generally 2 to 3 layers. 1 ~ 4.5 m height, stalk cylindrical barrel. Whole plant leaves are generally 15 to 22, leaves the body wide and long, margin often wavy. Flowers uni######ual, monoecious. Male born in the top of plants for panicle; female born in the leaf axils in the central plant for the spadix. Female silk tassel flowering earlier than generally 3 to 5 days. According to research the history of cultivation of maize native to South America. American Indians 7000 years ago, has started to grow corn. As dryland corn for planting, so the colonists invade Western Europe after the seed back to Europe, the Americas, Asia and Europe after the widely cultivated. Around mid-sixteenth century, China began to import maize, the eighteenth century and spread to India. So far, the world's continents have grown corn, in which North and Central America, the largest area of corn planting. Using the history of 1, corn and utilization of terms used to Yumi, generally experienced as a human food rations, livestock feed and industrial raw materials of three stages. Rations of corn consumption accounts for the proportion of the total consumption of about 5%, but with the development of the times, this ratio has gradually decreased. Corn is one of the three major varieties of grain, food and clothing for the solution of human problems played a significant role. Today, corn is still the peoples of the world essential food on the table: the very much like to eat; in developed countries and regions, maize is also necessary for the body as a supplement of iron, magnesium and other minerals derived from the widely consumed; in some poor countries and regions, maize is still the one thing cheap belly wrap . Corn feed consumption is the most important consumer channel, accounting for about 70% of total consumption. The consumer can be regarded as the standard of living and population changes as a function of time: early in people's living standards, the Engel coefficient is high, people are meat, eggs, poultry, milk, driving strong demand for the livestock and feed industry great development, resulting in a significant increase in feed demand for corn, corn yield as the main driving force; reach a certain level in life, the Engel coefficient fall in meat, eggs, poultry, milk and the demand will remain stable, this time feeding Corn consumption is proportional to the number of population only. Used as industrial raw materials is the main channel of corn consumption. Corn is not only a Starch from corn as raw material, chemical composition of the best available and lowest cost products, value-added several times the original value of more than Yumi, widely used in papermaking, food, textile, pharmaceutical and other industries. Corn starch as raw materials to produce ethanol is a clean and Inventory is also a form of demand for corn. In food safety, national total to reserve some food. World corn stocks in general the proportion of total consumption of about 20%. China's corn stocks in recent years, about 600 to 700 million tons. 2, the world's total corn utilization status of the use of corn is used as feed in the proportion of industrial countries, whereas in developing countries as a large proportion of rations. As the world's great development of animal husbandry and feed industry to develop rapidly, the world demand for feed corn show growth trend. Performance in developing countries consumption of industrial feed corn to increase, while the traditional way of feeding livestock and poultry feed corn consumption also increased. In the developed countries and regions showed a large number of unprocessed corn is processed for industrial feed. Corn consumption trends from around the world, the past 15 years, both developing and developed countries are used as feed corn increased year by year, for reducing the number of rations for industrial raw materials and food processing to increase maize . China, for example: early 90's, the rapid development of feed industry and animal husbandry in 1993, corn consumption reached 62 million tons, accounting for total maize consumption of 67% in 1995, quickly reached 77% of the target, maize increment of total consumption spending almost all of the incremental reflected by the corn. 80 years for industrial feed the world 264 million tons of corn, 066 million tons of corn for grain, corn for industrial raw materials, 044 million tons. Into the 90's, the three indicators were 3.52 million tons, 059 million tons, 0.56 million tons. 1996 U.S. production of industrial feed consumption Yumi 127 million tons, accounting for 53% of maize output. Feed corn consumption in Europe 66 million tons, China produced 34.98 million tons of industrial feed consumption Yumi, Yumi consumption of 16.62 million tons in Japan, Brazil, the production of feed consumption Yumi 15.2 million tons,
christian louboutin uk, 13.26 million tons of corn feed, France, South Korea feed corn 852 tons. U.S. corn production accounts for 40% of the world's total output. Throughout the decades, the U.S. corn market consumption trends can be seen that 50's U.S. corn products, 85.7% for feed, industrial raw materials, food accounted for 8.08%, exports accounted for 5.17%; 60 years accounted for 81.76% of corn feed, industrial raw materials, food accounted for 8.23%, exports accounted for 12.38%; 70 years accounted for 66.02% feed, industrial raw materials, food accounted for 8.77%, exports accounted for 25.21%; 80's to early 90s, used as feed corn accounted for 59.36% (122.37 million tons), used as industrial raw materials, food accounts for 11.65% (2401 tonnes), exports accounted for 28.63% (59,020,000 tons). Thus, in the United States, though the proportion of corn used for feed in decline, but feed consumption of maize is still the largest industry, exports increased rapidly, as industrial raw materials and food processing, consumption of corn is more stable. With China's reform and opening up the great development of animal husbandry, the improvement of living standards, the development of industrial maize, corn has become a food, feed, industrial raw materials and export multi-purpose crops. China's corn consumption is 80 years the proportion of 38% rations, consumption, 25.88 million tons of corn, feed corn, 48% (industrial feed and traditional diet), consumption of 32.69 million tons of corn, exports accounted for 11%, export 7.49 million tons of corn, industrial raw materials and food processing accounted for 3%, consumption of about 2.05 million tons of corn. Into the 90's, the proportion of people in the direct consumption of maize dropped. National consumption of maize grain production accounted for about 19% of corn consumption is about 18.7 million tons of corn; corn as feed consumption in China has two cases. First, processing into feed. In recent years,
louboutin sale, China's output of about 48 million tons of compound feed, according to 60% discount rate, the annual consumption of 28.8 million tons of corn. The second is the traditional feed directly to the consumer of corn. In rural areas, mainly for feed corn to feed livestock directly, pigs and poultry. Experts estimate that this traditional way of feeding the estimated annual consumption of around 35 million tons of maize, the two annual consumption of about 63.8 million tons of corn, accounting for 68% of the total output of corn. Corn is an important industrial raw material, but also can be processed into refined corn products. China is currently used for industrial raw materials and food industry's total output of maize accounts for about 5% of corn, the annual consumption of about 250 million tons of corn. China from 1990 to 1994, average export 8.2 million tons of corn, accounting for about 8% of corn production. After 1995 turned to import large quantities of corn. The past 10 years, the Chinese corn consumption trend is for the production of feed corn increased sharply decreasing for the rations of corn for industrial raw materials and food processing, the slow growth of corn, corn exports from the country into a national maize imports. Planting corn is the crop yield, nutrient requirement larger, must be reasonable to meet the fertilizer throughout the growing period of corn nutrient needs, the new lipid membrane spraying the active ingredients greatly improve the rate of fattening. According to testing, production of 100 kg of maize seed, 2.5 kg of nitrogen required,
cheap christian louboutin, to be P 1 kg, 2.1 kg of potassium needed. If the per-mu yield of 500 kg of corn, acres to be about 33 kg of urea or ammonium nitrate 50 kg, 31 kg superphosphate, 13 kg of potassium sulfate. Three stages of maize growth, the proportion of required number of different fertilizer, seedling to be accounted for 2% of total fat, 85% heading stage and grain of 13%. Corn from the jointing to the mouth of a large loudspeaker is to be the peak of fertilizer, fertilizer when applying fertilizer to do, namely, base fertilizer, seed fertilizer, top dressing combined; nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer combination; agricultural fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, bio-fertilizer combination, and Sui Ling Zhuang spraying with increase corn grain weight. Base fertilizer to be applied foot, which is the basis, the general Mushi decomposition of organic fertilizer 2,000 kg, 7.5 kg phosphorus pentoxide, potassium 5.5 kg to do base fertilizer. In the base fertilizer, seed manure into the level is not high, poor soil fertility, planting late-maturing varieties of land, 6 to 7 in corn leaves, the top dressing, 15 kg urea mu recover about 15 cm deep or more to recover, improve fertilizer utilization; base fertilizer, seed with high levels of manure into the land, acres to recover 10 kg of urea. Corn fertilizer to early stage, the method first, front dressing, behind times, the top dressing and times to be with; second hole with picks dig deep to recover more than 15 cm; top-dressing, be a combination of fertilizer and fertilizer to promote good root development, under normal circumstances, 10 acres to recover 15 kg of urea, add 1 kg of bio-fertilizer, can promote early maturity corn. Filling in the heading, mu 0.25 kg potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.5 kg urea, 50 kg watered, the foliar spray, can prevent bald, short grain, increase production and improve quality. Organic food corn, can not use chemical fertilizer is best to use a good organic fertilizer fermented, so base fertilizer, top dressing with the cake,
louboutin shoes, smooth and long-lasting fertilizer efficiency, better than chemical fertilizers, and the potential long, but top-dressing, the cake and crop seedlings to maintain an appropriate distance to avoid the heat generated by fermentation cake burning plants. 30 kinds of diseases, mainly large and small spot, head smut, bacterial wilt, virus diseases and stem rot disease. By selecting resistant varieties and improved management prevention. Pests are corn borer, cutworms, mole crickets, red spider, sorghum borer and armyworm and other articles. Use of chemical control. Ear rot of corn ear rot (Fusarium graminearum Schw), also known as scab, ear dry rot, the main maize growing areas in the country have occurred, the pathogen as early as 70-80 years in the last century has been to find out However, the loss of its hazards, disease dynamics and control technique no detailed report of Gansu Province in 1958 census, is county, county, joint water County, West County, Li County, Kang incidence rate of 5% -8%. Zhuanglang County Golden Empress planted before 1980, when British and other varieties of particles are heavier disease, later as No. 2 in the resistant varieties of a single large area, the disease is under control, but in recent years due to the introduction of planting a single 10 Shen Shen Single-16, alcohol testing 20, 998 kulaks and other 1. The extent of losses against the occurrence of ear rot occurred in the area of Zhuanglang County area planted with susceptible varieties, and change the year 2003, the incidence area 3500hm2, ear disease rate of 46%; 2004 incidence area 3000 hm2, disease spike rate 26.5% in 2005, the incidence area 4500 hm2, ear disease rate of 44.3% in 2006, the incidence area 5300 hm2, disease spike rate of 23 .. 9%. Hazardous Shoubing dark brown or reddish-brown grain, grain weight reduced by 1 / 2 or more, the quality deterioration. Human and animal consumption, might cause a toxic reaction [5], experimental observation: the unprocessed grain mixed with 20% of the sick, the people eating bitter astringent taste, Pickle smell, excessive consumption appears weakness, fever, nausea, vomiting,
christian louboutin shoes, abdominal distension , abdominal pain, dizziness and other symptoms; horses, mules, donkeys, pigs and other livestock feed during diarrhea, poor feeding, growth slowed down and so on; sheep, chickens, food intake decreased after feeding, and the emergence rate of fall in the hen egg phenomenon; raw grain in with the Bing Li, reducing the value of goods 0.2-0.4 yuan / kg, seeds with Bing Li, seeding rate increased by 1 fold. In order to determine the extent of losses due to ear rot economic losses, the Journal of the size of a single 10 by ear, disease level classification, the diseased ear is divided into five, measured levels of ear length, ear disease-free weight (w), sick ear healthy weight in the (y), losses to the formula at all levels of loss rate (%)=[( wy) / w] × 100 calculation. It turns out that after the ear suffer the loss of 0,1,2,3,4-level were 0,18.4%, 27.3%, 45.0%, 68.2%. Symptoms of corn ear rot in the field can occur from seedling to maturity, the most typical symptoms of rotten seeds, weak seedling rot and stalk rot, ear rot,
ear rot symptoms
where the ear rot the most serious economic losses. Rotten and weak seedling seed: pathogen pollution, adhere to the seed surface, after sowing, the victim is unable to germinate and rotten heavy, resulting in broken ridge Seedlings Deficiency; light by thin slow growth after emergence, the formation of weak seedling. Ear rot: the early onset of ear infection and then field dark brown silk, soaked, cob and grain to brown the top, pink or dark brown, and extended to the 1/3-1/2 at the ear, when the rainy or humidity can be extended to all the ear. Sick grain surface of Health has white or pink mold layer, the white flocculent or velvet-like, soft ear, cob dark brown, light yellow or pink hip, broken exposing vascular tissue. Zhuanglang County pathogens collected through the corn ear disease in different parts of the microscope,
christian louboutin sale, according to the isolation and culture of fungal pathogens isolated microscopy methods [5.9], found to be typical of Fusarium conidia, were relevant literature Comparison of identification [1-8], an imperfect fungus Alternaria tumor Block Division, Fusarium (Fusarium), Fusarium graminearum (F.graminearum Schw), ######ual stages are Ascomycetes, meat blocks bacteria present, gibberellic is (Gibberella) of Fusarium graminearum (G.. zeae (schw) petch), as part of the parasite, host a wide range of damage of wheat, corn and other grasses, causing seedling blight, stem rot, basal rot and ear rot. Incidence of pathogenic bacteria from the law of seed storage of maize seedlings to invade and damage can, and spoilage losses in the ear harvest drying process. Pathogen mycelia, conidia or ascospores attached to the seeds, corn stubble, stalk, cob and other plants on the saprophytic sick deformed and winter, the following year in the rainy and humid conditions, mature ascospores flying, fall corn filaments on a facultative parasite, and then penetrated by filaments cob and grain rot caused by ear. The incidence of ear rot is affected by variety, climate, corn borer damage, agricultural activities, ear (raw grain, seed) storage conditions and other factors. Maize resistance to large differences between the large-scale cultivation of Zhuanglang County in a single 2, 4, wine list, wine list, Resistance 2, strong, disease spike rate of 0-3%, while Shendan 10 (combined Q1261 / Shen 137), Shen single 16 (combination 137/K12) is not resistant to disease, ear disease rate of 31.2% -46%, inbred line 478 (combined 8112/5003) and its hybrid Yedan 12, 13, etc. Yedan highly susceptible, ear disease rate of 50%. It has been observed easily susceptible grain exposed, sagging mature before harvest, the rain is not easy Drizzle. In addition, the first 2,3-ear disease was significantly higher than the first one ear, disease progression high, the losses are large. 9-10 month rainfall and rainy days is the key to the pathogenesis of post-harvest corn harvest and the autumn stretch, causing farmers to the ear can not be timely harvesting and peeling drying, to the development of bacteria provides a good moisture conditions for 1999-2005 9-10 Shendan 10 disease severity (y) and rainfall (x) of relationships by regression analysis: y =- 0.751 +0.311 x, the correlation coefficient r = 0.908> P0.01 = 0.874, that x and y exists between the very significant correlation. Temperature for the growth of bacteria, according to information on [2.4-5]: F. graminearum growth and development of temperature 4-32 ℃, relative humidity 80% -100% of the best development; conidia in the humidity conditions are right, the to generate about 8 ℃ to 25 ℃, produce the fastest, the temperature below 4 ℃, the germination rate of very slow, at least more than 1d; the formation of the lowest temperature ascospores 9-10 ℃, the temperature range of ascospore germination 4 -35 ℃, with the most suitable temperature 25-30 ℃. The Zhuanglang County 9 / Under -11 / mature ear of corn on the drying period, the calendar year by ten days the period the average temperature 12.6-6.5 ℃, to meet the pathogen growth and development. If the ear stacked together, the heat generated during respiration is more conducive to pathogen infection and then expand the extent of disease. Incidence of corn borer damage lies a serious land survey, where the ear damage by corn borer or stalk and ear rot and stalk rot occur simultaneously, heavy economic losses. After statistical analysis, the incidence of ear rot (%, y) and corn borer strain rate (%, x) was y = axb power function curve [12. 13], y = 1.3712x0.9549 worm disease, F = 323.82 **> F0.01 = 10.04, a significant regression relationship; corn borer control and not prevention of ear rot incidence (%) by t test, t = 5.589 **> df0.01 = 3.106 highly significant standard . This is because the row of corn borer by fecal contamination of the stem and cob, to provide a favorable breeding ground for bacteria places. Disease severity and the planting pattern and sowing date on the investigation, plastic film mulching cultivation Shendan 16 1 18.5% incidence of ear, 2 ear incidence of 31.3%, respectively, exposed to a low incidence of 16.1,19.2 percentage points; before sowing and 1 full-Miao Shen a single incidence of 21.7% of 10, than the Summarize because of its low incidence of plastic film mulching and appropriate early sowing, to advance the maturity of corn, so easily susceptible of cob and grain moisture content of less reason. Maize ear rot control measures The primary infection source is wide, humidity is the key, so prevention strategies, agricultural practices must be based on full use of resistance (tolerance) disease varieties, improved storage conditions, pesticides, irrigation and spraying the heart protection combination of comprehensive prevention and control measures. The selection of resistant parent (seed), or species proposed research institutes and seed companies selected for ear rot resistance with excellent combination of parents and to establish disease-free seed production bases, cultivating healthy seeds. At the same time county seed companies, agricultural technology center in the introduction of new varieties of maize trials, resistance to the disease should be selected as Kam key difference between the varieties of non-confrontational introduction; Zhuanglang County currently in the promotion of resistant varieties should be Single-2, No. 2 wine list, wine list, on the basis of 4, actively introduce high-yield, disease resistance of new varieties. Mulching, suitable for early sowing covered by plastic film or half full coverage, suitable for early sowing early maturity maize can reduce the cob and grain moisture susceptible, and can effectively reduce the harvest and storage of bacteria infection. Promptly stripped husk, rain and more wet damp autumn corn harvest, post-harvest ear not to heap too thick, should try to strip the husk, tie a knot at the clusters hanging in the air drying sunny, clusters that can not tie a knot The ear should be diluted to dry, and often turning to prevent the incidence of heat, if timely rains blocked, preventing the rain. Rotten to the top broken ear disease and prevent new ear rot and then stripping bracts in the process of expansion, the discovery of the sick ear, should be the transfer of disease and health to the rotten parts off the top, to prevent the disease to further expand and increase losses. According to experimental observation: do not peel husk the ear by the accumulation of rain 3d, ear length from the top of rotten 3cm extends to 7cm; strip the husk removed, if not rotten to the top part of ear disease in pre-threshing, ear rot also extended by a 5cm to 15cm; on the rotten part of the ear is not completely clear, threshing the early stage of ear rot also extended 2-5cm; and thoroughly clean and clear, not in the development of ear rot. Early threshing, mildew pick ear disease were detected after harvest, as soon as possible threshing and drying in the sun or in the pits on the drying, to prevent further acquired infections rotten grain. Treated corn stalks, corn stalks down primary infection source, cob, stubble accumulation of a large number of Fusarium favorable for overwintering corn borer. Therefore, the need for corn stalk, cob, stubble timely feeding (feeding livestock), ammonification (ammoniated forage), powder (crushed pigs), ret (retting biogas fertilizer or as a filler), burning (burn pit cooking) means a thorough treatment to reduce pest primary infection source. Selected seed corn seed coating the surface of bacteria because of the survival time of more than 1a [5], production units, before the supply of seed species selection, seed removed blighted minor illnesses, with 20% positive? Grams Seed coating [14], 100kg seed per dosage 444.4-800g, or 30%? g? Fu Seed coating, per 100kg seed dosage 214-300g. Chemical control in maize bell stage, with a diameter of about 2mm and 20% washed river sand and 5kg fenvalerate 8-10ml, 50% carbendazim WP50g granules made of uniform mixing, the amount of 60-75kg per hm2 poured maize leaves in the center and the composition of the heart the heart of the 4-5 leaf foliage gap, to avoid condensation and the leaf when the spraying, according to test: irrigation not only for corn borer control effect of the heart 100%, and ear rot of corn , armyworms, aphids and more than 90% control effect. 15d before the corn harvest at the same time in about 50% carbendazim WP1000 times of common diseases in fruit disease Bipolaris maydis, corn leaf blight, corn smut, corn smut, maize stalk rot, corn rust, corn anthrax [Performance] Sweet, flat.
Linear Mode
