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Old 05-28-2011, 05:27 AM   #1
adkj4o58
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Default Teva Shoes Wear it and Jump inside Water

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Old 05-28-2011, 05:31 AM   #2
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张伽注:中国正在走这条路。只是这条路走得越久,于中国的损失就愈大。可怜可悲可叹……

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  日本新旧医学的兴废
  (根据《周作人集外文》输录)
  近两三年来中国新旧医学之争,忽然兴起,因为觉得这与反动的一般旧势力
之复活,很有连带关系,虽然自己是医学的门外汉,却也有点儿注意。想到日本
以前情形,有好些与中国相像,很想调查明治维新时代医学改革的状况,给中国
人做个比较参考,可是借了富士川博士所著的《日本医学史》来翻过一遍,关于
新旧之争,说的太简单了,有点不得要领。只得暂时搁起。近日买得日本内务省
卫生局编刊的一册《医制五十年》(一九二五年出版),专记近五十年的事情,
在这里边找到了一点材料,抄译成文,想亦留意新旧医学问题的诸位,所乐闻者
欤?
  在日本的医学的发达,可以说是有两个显明的段落。第一是汉方医时期。允
恭天皇七年(西历四一四),帝有病,召良医于新罗,skechers tone ups,有金波镇、汉纪武二人来,
为帝治病,自是遂有韩之医方。继体天皇七年(五一三)五经博士(医、易、历、
采药、乐)段扬尔应召来日本,尽力于传布医学医术,此后关于医药的教养,悉
依唐制,汉方医遂以成立,即其后所谓皇汉医道,至明治维新(一八六八)以来
始渐蟀歇。第二是西洋方医时期。永禄年间(一五五八至六七),西班牙葡萄牙
人来传教,医学亦附带传入,及南蛮寺创立,遂有所谓南蛮流外科(后称和兰外
科)者,但此亦只是教士之馀技,至宝历时(一七五一至六三),前野良泽自修
和兰文,shape up shoes,于是科学的医学即西洋方医乃始成立。其同志及门弟中有杉田玄白,大
�俊斋等人,极力提倡,兰学(即从和兰传来的学问)及兰方医渐以发达。文政
六年(一八二三),德人希波耳特(P.F.Siebold)至长崎,高野长英、伊东玄
朴等从之学,通医学者益多,到处传习,至嘉永安政(一八四八至五九)而其势
力乃大盛,与旧派汉方医几经冲突,迨明治八年(一八七五)公布医术开业实验
法,在日本的新医学的基础乃始确立。
  凡新学派勃兴之时,旧学派的反抗势不能免,嘉永年后兰方医与汉方医之间,
屡次发生冲突,抵排竞争,势甚剧烈,以成立尚浅人数亦少之新派与有多年的经
历的旧派抗争,其困难可想而知,或互相辩难以争优劣,或强要当局严禁西洋方
医,当局中亦分为两派,有欲排斥西医者,亦有欲加以援助者,一时颇极纷扰,
结果因当时执政者阿都伊势守的主意,发布下列的《兰方医禁止令》,时为一八
四九年也。
  “近闻兰学医师逐渐增加,世间亦多信用,查彼我风土差异,以后医师不准
再用兰方,奉谕特达,仰即凛遵。但外科眼科等外治如参用兰方,亦无防碍。”
  此令一出,胜利完全归于旧派,一时兰方医大为窘迫,唯奋斗反抗。仍不稍
懈,执政者中堀田正笃、永野忠笃等理解西医的人亦拟解禁,而时机未熟,不能
实现。安政五年(一八五八),霍乱流行,将军德川家定亦患此病,众医束手,
堀田正笃等力排众议,提议用西法治疗,得阁老间野下总守之赞同,幕府于七月
三日急遽发布《兰方医解禁令》,其文如下:
  “和兰医术,前曾奉令禁止在案,现值政府博采万国之长,官医只如有兼习
和兰医术者,并无妨碍。”
  同时召伊东玄朴等为将军治病,并新任竹内玄同等西医数人为官医,至七日
将军终于不治,唯此后兰方医遂得再起,各藩亦相继解除禁令,于是嘉永二年所
发表的偏颇的政令,隔了十年而又完全消灭了。
  万延元年(一八六零),设养生所于长崎,命松平顺为主任,聘和兰医师教
授医学,当时各藩医生靡然从风,多往长崎留学,在江户亦设医学所,大�俊斋
为其长,尽心于西洋方医之传播。明治二年(一八六九)改称昌平黉为大学校,
管理开成学校,医学校及附属病院事务,后又改大学校为大学,开成为大学东校,
医学为南校。大学规则云:“辇毂之下设一大学,府藩县各置中小学,皆遵守大
学所颁之规则,育材广业,以供国家之用为务。”选拔各藩生徒,令就学,称之
曰贡进生,又择其最优者令留学海外。三年(一八七零)又改大学为文部省,颁
布学制。五年文部省下别置医务课,六年升为医务局,八年移归内务省,九年改
称卫生局,以至于今。
  自前野良泽提倡西医以来,至明治初期,已历百年,据当时统计,每医师百
人中西洋方医不过二十一人,其他悉“皇汉医”, 而且此少数人中正式由医学
毕业者又甚寥寥,大抵都是采用西洋药品,仍以汉方医法使用,故旧派势力仍未
灭杀。一方面政府虽设置学校局所,提倡新派医学,而对于汉方医亦尚思尽力保
护,如明治三年设“皇汉医道御用挂”,既其好例,经相良安知、石黑忠德、长
谷川泰等辈起而辩难,无甚效力,然大势所趋,亦无可违背,至明治八年发布医
师开业规则,旧派医术乃受一打击,十六年(一八八三)的改正规则一出,旧派
的命运遂以告终了。八年的规则上说:
  “自今新请医术开业者须经左列之试验,领受开业证书。但以前开业之医师
无须试验,由府厅详细调查住所姓名年龄、记录人数,勿与新领证书之开业医混
同,呈报文部省。”十六年的规则第一条云:
  “医师须受医术开业试验,从内务卿领得开业证书,skechers shape ups。但此规则施行以前所受
医术开业执照仍作为有效。”这两项规则上面虽然不曾明白禁止汉方医,但严行
限制,只准旧有者继续行医,不能新添,而且考试科目也渐加严,所以明治十六
年以后汉方医可以说是无复活路了。例如八年的医制中第十九条中云:
  “以前开业之医师暂无须学术之试验,唯较量其履历与成绩,姑分为二等,
给予暂时许可证。”
  “医制发布后凡十年间,请开业者须经左列试验,领受许可证。甲、物理化
学大意,乙、解剖学大意,丙、生理学大意,丁、病理学大意,戊、药剂学大意,
己、内科学大意。
  “现在虽得开业暂时许可证,其年在三十岁以下者,每三年必须受上列之试
验,领取许可证。其笃志者仍得不拘年龄,请求试验。”十六年的细则第五,skechers shoes,六
条所定试验科目则改为前后二期,共计十门:
  前期试验科目 一、物理学,二、化学,三、解剖学,四、生理学。
  后期 一、外科学,二、内科学,三、药物学,四、眼科学,五、
产科学,六、临床实验。
  这个明治十六年所谓医师免许规则出来之后,无怪皇汉医大起恐惶,觉得这
是他们的生死关头,不得不拼命奋斗一下。东京的汉方医巨头浅田宗伯(名惟常)
联合了各地的许多中医,设立温知社,盛行提倡,一面写信给大学的医科学长,
要求大学兼收汉方医师,同样地得免试行医,其文如下(原系汉文,省了我翻译
之劳,不过似多错误,无从改正,故仍其旧):
  “谨呈书大学医学部长三宅君阁下,惟常于君未获倾盖,而响慕滋切,未获
识君之面,而久已知君之心,况过日两回亲接芝宇,奉謦�之声乎,于是遂忘鄙
陋,呈以刍荛之言,万一有采兴甚。夫国家自建格知之学,设七科之目,以诱后
进,医家之为子弟者云蒸霞蔚,��夫历阶升堂,获官准者不为少,然而未闻泄
天地之秘,夺造化之权,如古之圣工贤匠者焉。如吾医流因循固陋,虽固不足论
也,其术既行千古,千有馀年,勿论人之良与庸,药材性效,莫不晰知,固不得
无实验。伏请医学部设实地经验一科,涵养吾党之士,则吾党之士亦感其恩泽,
熟密内景之体用,细究神机之妙理,以审望闻问切之诊,辩脉病证治之法,而后
参明补泻温凉寒热逆从之理,考订药性之气味效用,医方方君臣佐使,又知平生
治病之验否,及其所以用此方治此病之由,则于卫生之道不无裨补焉。盖尝闻西
洋疾医之说曰,辨适切证候之诊,而察疾病轻重之度,习学之最难,非书籍之可
的知,shape ups skechers,必须直就患者而演习焉,唯要祥察注意,实验精到是即吾党之所私淑也。
冀医学诸先生无偏无党,斟酌之会通之,skechers shoes online,使天下医浴一视同仁之和,则可谓普通
医学矣。是不惟惟常区区之念,亦吾党几万之所企望也,伏愿高鉴。大学教授兼
医学部长三宅君阁下,浅田惟常死罪顿首。”
  对于这封信三宅学长怎样答复,我们不知道,但在医制上总之是别无什么改
变,亦可见是并不发生什么影响。但是在汉方医方面总是还不肯甘心,还在种种
运动,直至明治二十六年(一八九三),曾由赞成汉方医的议员在众议院提出一
个医师免许规则改正案,换句话说即是皇汉医继续问题的议案,此外同样的建议
及请愿也有过几回,不过都没有奏效,这个运动从此也就不大能够振作了。
  以上根据《医制五十年史》,把日本新旧医学的交替摘要一说,到了现在所
有开业的医师如不是正式的学校出身,也都受过正式的检定,可以说是已经没有
单读《汤头歌诀》的医生了。但是,旧派的遗老遗少也未必完全没有,譬如说现
今风行中国的一部《皇汉医学》,即是这种人的作品,不过在中国虽是风行,在
日本却只是弓末之末,学界中人几乎不大注意,并不当作发动看了。我们中国早
已有了独立卫生部,虽然日本还只是一个局,附属在内务省里,然而我们还在考
试中,每年新添专读《汤头歌诀》的医师,比较明治八年的办法还不知道相差多
少,――我在这里想请大家注意,明治八年正是一八七五年,已是五十五年前的
事情了。
  (1930.5.13《益世报》副刊, 署名岂明)
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