abercrombie ireland Non- motor function of human c

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Non-motor function of human cerebellum


movement of non-human cerebellum function
article by Professor Shen Zheng Zuo Wei revision

Beijing University psychological Department, 100871

cerebellum is an important hub of sports conditioning, sports skills in addition to randomness, but also to adjust the posture, muscle tension and maintaining body balance for. In recent years, the cerebellum of non-motor function much attention,p90x workout schedule, and get in-depth study.
1 cerebellar motor function of non-anatomical basis of
the human cerebellum has three pairs of nuclei: the median nucleus,mbt shoes ireland, fastigial nucleus, and dentate nuclei. Dentate nucleus in which the evolution of species significantly increased in volume, its role has always been a fan. Application of functional brain imaging techniques The study found that people in the implementation of certain cognitive and language task, the cerebellum is also activated. This non-specific motor function and anatomy of the cerebellum are inseparable.
in the evolutionary process of human cerebellum,abercrombie ireland, cortex and subcortical Organization were increased, the lateral cerebellar cortex issued a lateral projection of the nucleus that dentate nucleus, subcortical white matter located . Compared with the evolution of cerebellar cortex, the nucleus of a very significant change, new and old cerebellar cortex cerebellar cortex histologically similar, from system place on the point of view, it's development and the frontal lobe cortex showed a relationship between parallel , and the main receiving input from the cortex; the new evolution of the dentate nuclei in different parts of the old core, which in morphology, histology, embryology and pathology group of are all on the evidence. Neurosurgeon Dr. that the use of stereotactic surgery does not produce damage to this area of ​​the classic cerebellar damage caused by movement disorders, it is speculated that new dentate nuclei may perform non-motor function. Patients for or the surgical removal of brain tissue after death examination results show that the initial projection of the human dentate nucleus is the frontal lobe, then the motor area and the area before the area is also increasing the prefrontal association area large, with corresponding increases cerebellum. In addition to frontal motor areas, in recent years that the cerebellum to the prefrontal area may also include Broca's language area projection.
Leiner and Dow stressed that side of the cerebellar hemispheres and dentate nucleus in humans is well developed in this long-neglected facts and assumptions in humans and higher primates, the cerebellum area through to the forehead leaves and other cortical projection of the joint formed for some special cognitive skills cortex - cerebellum loop. In addition, nerve Psychology found that the cerebellar abnormalities and ######ual non-movement defects. For example, autism in some areas of cerebellar vermis hypoplasia.
cerebellum in the evaluation of non-motor function, attention should be two questions, should first consider whether these results are reliable and whether they can be explained on the basis of pure movement. Another is how to interpret these results. Therefore, this review focuses on those that certain types of learning in the cerebellum play a role in evidence.
2 brain imaging study - the results obtained from normal
combined application of various methods for understanding the cognitive function of the cerebellum to explore the evidence. Especially positron emission radiography and functional magnetic resonance imaging of changes in cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption measurements for the noninvasive monitoring of neural activity in human subjects possible.
Petersen and other cognitive tasks to perform first measurements of small cerebral blood flow changes during the period. When asked to be tested on the visual representation of the term according to the rules and make the appropriate response to the verb reaction, right half of the cerebellum is activated, but when they read these terms, does not have this phenomenon. As the subjects in the two tasks are to say the word, therefore, the increase in blood flow changes in motor output difficult to interpret. Raichle also found that the verb - the generation and noun - reading task in the activation of certain cortical area is not the same. For example, activation of prefrontal areas in the verb - noun generation tasks than - reading to be large, which can activate the Island. Raichle that the subjects used in the previous task is a laborious strategy, and in the latter task is the use of relatively simple automatic strategies, which may be activated between the two regions of different reasons. He was tested by having to practice using the same verb form 10 minutes for response faster and more accurate. Behavioral changes associated with these functional changes are significant: the cerebellum and prefrontal areas of activation decreased, while the island area increases. Thus, subjects seem to training after the change strategy; verb - noun produced activation with - almost no difference in reading of the activation.
In other studies also found a similar result type. For example, PET studies in the Jenkins report, when the figure was to try to learn a new key sequence, the bilateral activation of the cerebellum than they have learned the key sequence used when greater. Verb generation task with the task significantly different, and different between the cortex and cerebellum of activation of the positioning of different areas is not surprising. However, these tasks have some common behavior and functional similarities. Of the two tasks, the initial reaction is through the efforts and accurate self - determined, however, the reaction will become automated through practice. In both cases, the activation of the cerebellum were found and decline with training, the type of cortical activation has also undergone a change.
Although the above discussion of the results showed that the cerebellum involved in cognitive activities, but these changes can be explained from many angles, for example, some people think that they reflect changes in the cerebellum input and output may not be linked to some changes of. Consistent with this view, the cerebellar cortical output has always been considered to be projected onto the motor cortex area of ​​most, so this makes the interpretation of the cerebellum can affect cognitive processes become more difficult. However, Kim recently reported retrograde neurons against virus tracer revealed that the lateral prefrontal cortex to the dentate nucleus of the projection; from the dentate nucleus to the other non-motor cortex area of ​​the projection may be was found. This and other research on neuroanatomical cerebellum to cerebellum and motor cortex area of ​​non-link between the evidence provided.
3 neuropsychological study - derived from patients with evidence of cerebellar damage
by assessing patients with cerebellar atrophy and focal necrosis in the standard neurophysiological tests and tasks designed specifically for the cerebellum in cognitive performance provides the evidence. Fiez and other studies of stroke caused by a large area of ​​the right cerebellar damage the subject's performance. RC1 lack of significant damage to the movement and in the standards used to assess cognitive function test was normal. On the surface with the lack of clinically observed defect contrast, RC1 in a large number of non-movement task was significantly impaired. For example, nouns have verbs in the reaction, a large number of errors can occur. Bracke-Tolkmitt also found that a group of patients with cerebellar damage can not learn new verbs contact.
RC1 can not properly perform and study non-verb generation task, such as the Tower of Toronto puzzle. In this task, an initial shaft has four color plates, in accordance with the following rules to move them to the other two axes on one axis: one can only move a plate, the plate can not be placed in a dark light color plate on top. Another experiment using the simple version, Grafman, also found that patients with cerebellar damage on the issue in addressing the deficiencies. In addition, Kim of these tasks fMRI study found that when subjects were in accordance with specific rules to solve the task, its degree of bilateral activation of the dentate nucleus than those who only moved to the adjacent shaft of the plate were tested even more. In associative learning tasks, Canavan found damage to the cerebellum is also very poor performance of patients; Although Tucker's Huntingon's in cerebellar ataxia patients have similar findings, but he thinks it can not simply be attributed to the cerebellar dysfunction caused by because it is still difficult to exclude cerebellar ataxia can cause other brain regions outside the cortex, cerebellar dysfunction, or abnormal destruction of the loop cortex - basal ganglia loop possibilities.
4 Summary
from anatomical, behavioral and neuropsychological evidence that the cerebellum's role has gone beyond the pure sports areas, such as language generation, conditional associative learning, central time, dentate nucleus also may be involved in sensory acquisition and resolution; morphological analysis revealed the infant with autism may be related to cerebellar abnormalities quick note conversion disorders; animal studies and morphological analysis of the mentally ill also provides evidence of the cerebellum in emotional processes.
cerebellum these effects is difficult due to its pure motor function. But it is how to accomplish this task,ghd planchas, is far from clear. One way to answer this question for those involved in the task by the analysis of the cerebellum. By identifying the underlying similarity of these tasks can be the special role of the cerebellum some insight. For example, the above discussion of the results suggest that in those laborious at first, the correct response is his discovery, but after more practice after automatic tasks, such as wearing a prism to the target throwing objects. After practice, can be generated on the prism have to adapt to visual conversion; the learning seems to involve the cerebellum. From this perspective, such as verb generation and other cognitive tasks, because the subjects can be learned through practice faster and more accurate visual representation of each entry in a reaction, but there are similarities with the motor learning task. In understanding the cerebellum and other tasks in this contribution, the use of In addition, consider how to calculate the arithmetic used in a different task will be more constructive. In other words, the cognitive function of the cerebellum can be a whole.
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