Early twenties analysis of provincial constitutional motion background
division occasion: the early twenties of the background analysis of provincial constitutional movement
Li Jifeng
Introduction
in the vast territory of China,
country Organization The relationship between central and local politics has always been in an ancient and ever new political challenges, seeking both to maintain national unity but also to facilitate the development of local the political structure of his personality is the key to this problem. From the traditional Chinese political thought and political
rheological system of the structure, China has been inclined to pursue and would like to unitary and centralized political goals, which is commonly referred to as the unified . The local system, the most typical feature is the gradual replacement of feudal system of prefectures and counties, and professional development of the huge bureaucracy almost
class . It should be said, pre-modern centralized desire to stay in large part on the concept, it has many
society , moral constraints, lack of effective means to implement technically.
After the Opium War, China was forced into
West powers under the auspices of the International the community, which started from the unified empire of self-centered traditional to modern nation [/u] state of evolution. China is to establish what kind of state system, the Xinhai Revolution around the revolutionaries and constitutionalists of speech and publicity point of view, is to overthrow the monarchy in addition to their
government , implementation
Republic form of government on the views diametrically at odds, but in parliamentary politics, local self-government,
Justice the basic political principle there is no independent fundamental objections. But in the early Republican political struggle, an outstanding problem is how the various properties of different political forces into the pluralism of political framework to maintain political stability and national unity, and then around the central and local [u] power place on the distribution of long-term dispute, the dispute has its deep historical background and practical needs, it shows the new republican regime in the process of establishing the difficulties encountered.
end of the Qing so-called local, mainly refers to the province,
abercrombie ireland, it is sometimes also extended to the county, therefore, the early Republican so-called centralization and decentralization of the dispute, also revolves around the relationship between the provincial and central on. Provincial government
legal the status, authority, financial resources and administrative organizations, whether in
Constitution , to be clearly defined in the law or how to provide has become the focus of debate, because debate is always and national unity or splitting intertwined, become a very sensitive political problems. Provincial system of dispute began in the late Qing, Kang will be initiated in the late Qing reform province, provincial system, he believes threaten national unity, hinder administrative efficiency, should be simply abolished. In the future, many changes in the status of the province,
p90x workout schedule, the early Republican era, the provincial set up provincial councils for the province of the legislature, the provincial position, on the one hand local governments, on the one hand the country's administrative organization, and the prefectures of Japan is similar. The exclusive right to the Yuan period, the province completely into the central government's local administrative organizations. In the early twenties of this century, the province of self-serious tendency, some provincial organizations have different national administrative organizations, but also from local governments, the nature of strategy such as the U.S. state. To the Nanjing National Government, the legal status of the province and it becomes a simple local administrative organizations, but in 1947 the Thus, although the Province as a political or administrative organization in the country's political and social and economic life and played a very important role, but its status and role has been difficult to define, as Wang Chong-hui said in the early Republican : may be also. This special system of care, from a few hundred years Xiangyan from, and now, in the Republic of the establishment, to have their relationship, to have to seek an appropriate way. Set partition rule, indispensable when non impede the country's unity, that is where the difficult period of development.
First, the rise of Marxism
provinces twenties before the rise of provincial constitutional movement and the decline of central power and the rise of localism inseparable.
1916 year, Yuan Shikai's death, Prime Minister Duan control of the Beijing government, as if to itself as leader of the Northern Group, the Northern forces as the central planning to use force to unify China. But his efforts but exacerbated political divisions in North and South, also led the Northern faction fight within the group, which started the political chaos of the warlord era. Result, both the government law enforcement south, or north of the Beijing government, the center of power have both changed hands, only to have the nominal right to rule. Provincial politics has become the dominant political developments of the main factors.
provincial forces in south-western provinces of the most robust, because they are distant and independent from the political center of the strong, protecting the country after the war, which tend to become more independent significant. Protect the country because of war and the 1911 Revolution has a similar, that is, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi and other provinces followed the 1911 Revolution when the anti-Yuan independent way, that from the affiliation with the Beijing government, and even restored the captaincy in the name of all . Yuan Shikai's death, the state temporarily unified, but the Beijing government can not develop political
political participation around the system to absorb the political elite, but not in the social and economic aspects of a plan to advance the cause of modernization enhance political cohesion, its unity over-reliance on force and coercion, where the central lack of cohesion. And rely solely on the force, there will be limits on the material, in fact, although the powerful Northern Army, but the forces have never directly extended to the southern areas, Guangxi, Yunnan and other provinces in the law enforcement campaign, once again renounced the Beijing government, law enforcement join the South government,
tory burch outlet, But in fact throughout the Republican period Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi and other provinces are local military to rule. The result is a political tendency that is geographically farther away from the central government of provinces, autonomous tendencies stronger, as secluded in Xinjiang at western desert with the mainland politics almost irrelevant. And the phenomenon is not limited to the southwest of localism several provinces, but also spread to the Yangtze River as well as the northern provinces.
centralized political unity due to the failure of Yuan Shikai suffered politically frustrated and lost in the moral and political credibility, so that the use of decentralization
mode for the political integration of ideas popular. Forces on the rise of Marxism in the provinces on the basis of reality, the voice of decentralization are high,
tory burch outlet, including many of the original firm advocate of a unified centralized politicians have begun to change the original concept. Liang Yuan had previously been centralized support forces taking part in the war against Yuan, he admitted: The future trend of this plot have added no weight has been, Wu Chai can die without any self-examination? As it can not, should review the selection. For line-chi, where the real fear is also more central for the excellent u> the consequent frustration, the consequent expansion forces the separation of powers is useless no doubt.
provinces doctrine peak performance is the other provinces
consciousness an unprecedented show of strength in the world. Tour Shanghai and Hubei autonomous association run by the Hubei Hubei
local administration shall be vested in the people own. Some authors even wrote: Than the end of the Qing awareness of the provinces more attractive, form the psychological basis of the concept of decentralization.
early twenties, political and social situation of the provinces are not the same, the contents of the provinces have more than one level of doctrine, the core is to deny the authority of the central government was to stop off troops to the province from other provinces, but also between significant difference. When the number of provinces in the most narrow Monroe Doctrine, it is heavy emphasis on the provincial government officials and military officials this province is the provincial people must have a strong fall fertilizer does not own fields of local sentiment. In 1917, the military governor of Zhejiang Lu Gongwang leaving opponents cited by appointing outsiders as an excuse, this phenomenon is more than a gentleman on the official position of the province for the limited political competition for resources, reluctant to let outsiders interfere. Second, the implementation of closed-autonomous province, the province of non-interference or aggression that province, it will not be allowed to interfere or aggression province province. Yan Xishan's Shanxi Province under the rule be called typical. With this opposite doctrine within the provinces, some provinces
warlords for their own interests , relying on a strong military, trying to force the province to expand the surrounding provinces, such as Tang Jiyao ; or Lu Rongting Higher-level doctrine is advocated in the provinces within the province to implement a
democracy politics for the content of local self-government, first spared, if possible and then up to the world. Turbulent national self-determination after World War I ideas spread in China, and the provinces and decentralization advocates awareness hit it off, giving rise to a provincial autonomy demands self-determination. In Hunan,
Mao Zedong , Peng Huang and other media organizations in Hunan, Hunan, composed of education transformation Association in 1919, The first step in the transformation of Hunan, the Hunan Minzhi doctrine for the transformation of the second step. At that time, quite radical ideas of Mao Zedong, he believes that In the meantime, the best protectors of Hunan autonomy of Hunan, Taoyuan, self-education, self-hing industry, from building railways, motor roads, give full play to the spirit of Hunan, making one kind of civilization in Hunan Hunan within the field.
TAG label: the early background of division and inter-provincial twenty constitutional analysis of movement
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