the impact of extreme blood

[lihuavmei]

1, nikethamide


3 years 0.375g role and purpose: the most common respiratory stimulants, mainly through the respiratory center directly excited, but also indirectly by stimulating the carotid artery body and aortic body chemoreceptor reflex excitability of respiratory center, the breath and to deepen and enhance the sensitivity of the respiratory center to carbon dioxide, the main hub for the various causes of respiratory and circulatory failure. Adverse reactions: high-dose can be excited the whole central nervous system, causing rapid heart rate, blood pressure, cough, vomiting, muscle tremors, and even cause convulsions.


2, Lobeline


3 years 3mg role and purpose: to selectively stimulate the central nervous system functional activities to improve the central nervous system drugs, mainly for rescue by Xiang or serious harm to each other for diseases such as severe infections, respiratory depression caused by creation, etc., or failure, is mainly used for neonatal asphyxia, pediatric infectious disease caused by respiratory failure and carbon monoxide poisoning. Adverse reactions: excess may lead to excessive excitement and convulsions, severe convulsions immediately into depression, or even cause death.


3, epinephrine 1mg


2 years of function and purpose: direct activation α, β receptor, excited the cardiovascular system, inhibition of bronchial smooth muscle and strengthen the metabolism, so that peripheral vasoconstriction, heart rate, blood pressure, long high, for cardiac resuscitation, anaphylactic shock, bronchial asthma and local bleeding for nose bleeding, gum bleeding; or compatibility with the local anesthetic, delaying the absorption of local anesthetics to extend the role of local anesthesia time, and reduce the possibility of local anesthetic absorption of poisoning. Adverse reactions: heart palpitations, headache, agitation, tremor, high blood pressure until, with the risk of inducing cerebral hemorrhage, but also can cause arrhythmias, or even the development of ventricular fibrillation.


4, norepinephrine 1mg


2 years the role and use: the role of strong α receptor, a role of β1 receptors, mainly for the excitement cardiovascular system, has a strong vasoconstriction, increased the peripheral negative force, increased blood pressure. Intravenous infusion for various causes of shock, and the bile duct and stomach surgery can be used to stop bleeding. Adverse reactions: local tissue necrosis, acute renal failure, long-term medication abrupt discontinuation, can lead to sharp drop in blood pressure.


5, isoproterenol


2 years 1mg effects and purposes: to β-receptor stimulant, can enhance myocardial contractility, accelerated heart rate, peripheral vascular expansion and bronchial smooth muscle, and promote metabolism. For acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma, atrioventricular block and a variety of shock and cardiac arrest. Adverse reactions: heart palpitations, headache, dizziness, heart rate of oxygen from the patient and easy to play and induced or exacerbated angina, asthma can cause long-term abuse of sudden death.


6, dopamine


2 years, the role and purpose of 20mg: excited α, β, DA, noradrenergic nerve terminals to promote the release of NA. mainly for the heart, blood vessels, kidney effects, can increase cardiac contractility and ejection, the blood pressure, diastolic renal vascular, renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate increases, direct inhibition of renal tubular sodium reabsorption,nba nike shoes, with natriuresis diuretic effect. For toxic, hemorrhagic and cardiogenic shock, and application compatibility diuretics, treatment of acute renal failure. Adverse reactions: intravenous too fast, there may be tachycardia, and even induced arrhythmia, headache and hypertension.


7, verapamil


2 5mg role and use of: cardiac cell membrane by blocking the calcium channels, inhibited the Ca2 + influx play a role (1) reduce the autonomy of slow response cells: inhibition of slow Ca2 + reactive cells within the 4-phase flow, the diastolic depolarization slowed, reduced self-discipline. (2) slow down the transmission: inhibition of slow reacting cell Ca2 + influx phase 0, 0 divided by a very reduced rate, conduction slowing. (3) extend the effective refractory period, which will help to eliminate reentry and reduce premature. Mainly used for supraventricular arrhythmias, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia as the drug of choice for other supraventricular arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, atrial premature also available. Adverse reactions: nausea, vomiting, constipation, heart palpitations, a few can cause significant AV block, ventricular fibrillation, cardiac arrest, intravenous drug users may have low blood pressure, cause or worsen heart failure.


8, cedilanid


3 years 0.4mg effects and purposes: to enhance myocardial contractility, increased cardiac dysfunction in patients with cardiac output, heart rate, reduce the sinus node of the self-discipline, increased self-regulation of Purkinje fibers in the atrial conduction speed in the slow atrioventricular node conduction, can accelerate the process of atrial repolarization, the ECG T wave on the lower, inverted, or bi-directional; ST segment depression, was the hook-like changes when the typical; PR interval prolongation; QT interval shortening; PP interval increased. For the treatment of chronic insufficiency, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Adverse reactions: gastrointestinal reactions manifested as anorexia, nausea, vomiting, etc.; nervous system reactions were headache, dizziness, visual disorders, and apparent color; and the reaction can give rise to various arrhythmias, such as too slow type, block, different digital heart rate, irregular heart rhythm.


9, atropine 0.5mg


3 years, the role and use: only with M receptor binding without intrinsic activity can be competitively antagonized Ach or other M cholinergic receptor agonists on the role of M receptor in the excitement. N1 major issue can block cholinergic receptors, and a central role. (1) inhibition of glandular secretion (2) dilation, increased intraocular pressure and regulation of ocular paralysis (3) relaxation of visceral smooth muscle (4) the lifting of vagal inhibition of heart (5) dilation of blood vessels, improve microcirculation function (6 ) central stimulant. Clinically used for the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, renal colic, early septic shock, before anesthesia administration, Aspen syndrome, organophosphate poisoning, the treatment of dilated ciliary body go far. Adverse reactions: dry mouth, palpitations, blurred vision, dry red skin, increased body temperature, difficulty urinating and constipation. Overdose symptoms increase when the addition to the above, the and the emergence of the phenomenon of excitability, such as irritability, slurred speech, breath and deepened, delirium, hallucinations, convulsions and so on. Ji Shu serious poisoning is inhibited by the excited transferred, resulting in coma and respiratory paralysis.


10, anisodamine


2 years 10mg effects and uses: a clear peripheral anticholinergic effects, and can lift the capillary spasm, microcirculation, and has analgesic effect of pupil dilation and glandular secretion inhibition is weak, commonly used in the infection, toxic shock, relieve gastrointestinal colic. Adverse reactions: Common dry mouth, flushing, blurred vision,discounted tory burch, a rare heart rate, difficulty urinating, excessive use of atropine-like poisoning can occur when the symptoms.

11,you should tell them, 20mg furosemide

2 years, the role and use: the role of the medullary thick segment rose branches and medulla cortex and medulla, inhibit Na +, K +, Cl-co-transporter , renal function decreased dilution. NaCl increased the discharge, re-absorption reduced to the medulla hypertonic pressure decreased, the concentration of renal function decreased reabsorption of water decreased, resulting in a strong diuretic effect; improve renal blood circulation, expansion of renal blood vessels, increases renal blood flow, change renal blood flow distribution, increased renal cortical blood supply. For various types of severe edema, renal insufficiency, cardiac insufficiency, drug poisoning. Adverse reactions: water and electrolyte imbalance such as low blood volume, low potassium, low sodium, low chloride alkalosis; ototoxicity; gastrointestinal reactions; can cause induced hyperuricemia and gout.
12, aminophylline

2 years, the role and purpose of 0.25g: relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle, enhanced respiratory muscle contraction, cardiac, diuretic, expansion of coronary and biliary smooth muscle, central nervous system excitability , used in the acute and chronic asthma, prevention of attacks of oral, intravenous injection and intravenous drip stop the attack; cardiac asthma. Adverse reactions: Local irritation, nausea and vomiting can cause oral, intramuscular injection can cause local swelling, pain; therapeutic dose can cause insomnia, palpitations, heart rate, blood pressure, excessive or rapid intravenous injection can cause arrhythmias and even heart stopping poly .
13, dexamethasone 5mg role

2 years and uses: anti-inflammatory effects, reduce inflammation of the tissue damage and to prevent tissue adhesions and scar formation; anti-immune function; anti-drug role, can improve endotoxin tolerance the body, reducing the damage caused by toxins on the body; anti-shock, shock of all valid, especially in toxic shock; the impact of extreme blood, so blood red cells, platelets, neutrophils increase in the number, the amount of hemoglobin and fibrinogen also increased so that leukocyte reduction of lymphocytes and eosinophils; increase the excitability of the central nervous system. For serious infection or inflammation and prevent certain inflammatory sequelae; autoimmune diseases and allergic diseases; anti-shock; blood diseases. Adverse events: long-term adverse effects caused by large doses of adrenal cortex function for the class transferred to disease, such as moon face, buffalo back, central obesity, skin thinning, acne, hirsutism, edema, hypokalemia, hypertension and diabetes, muscle weakness, muscle atrophy; induced or exacerbated by infection; induce or aggravate ulcers; cause increased appetite, agitation, insomnia, mental disorders or even cause seizures. Long-term medication abrupt withdrawal adverse reactions caused by iatrogenic adrenal insufficiency, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, low blood sugar and blood pressure, etc.; rebound phenomenon caused by the original disease recurrence or worse.
14, stability

3 years, 10mg effects and uses: sedative hypnotic anxiolytic; treatment and adjuvant treatment of various types of epilepsy and convulsions; a central role in muscle relaxation can relieve cerebral vascular accident, spinal cord operation and other central nervous system lesions caused by muscle stiffness, can enhance the role and anesthetics, and electric shock cardioversion and endoscopy premedication. Can also be used for the treatment of alcohol addiction after the withdrawal symptoms. Adverse reactions: Common drowsiness, dizziness, fatigue, constipation, common in the elderly. Major issue can be seen ataxia, tremor.
15, 5mg nitroglycerin
3 years, the role and purpose: direct relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, reducing myocardial oxygen consumption, increased myocardial ischemic area blood oxygen content. Mainly used for various types of angina, acute myocardial infarction, chronic cardiac insufficiency. Adverse reactions: pulsating headache, heartache to speed up, orthostatic hypotension, increased intracranial pressure, induced angina, tolerance, use should not suddenly stop. Large doses can cause methemoglobinemia, severe cases can cause breathing difficulties, cyanosis, coma and even death.
16, Meilan
3 years, the role and purpose of 20mg: oxidation reducing agent, according to its concentration in the body, on the role of hemoglobin in two different low concentrations of 6 - phosphate - glucose dehydrogenase during Reduced hydrogen ions by the pyridine nucleotide triphosphate is passed to the methylene blue to make it into the white of reduced methylene blue, white methylene blue in turn passed to the hydrogen ions with ferric methemoglobin, making it reduced to ferrous iron with normal hemoglobin, and white and is oxidized to methylene blue methylene blue. Reduction of methylene blue oxide process can be repeated. High concentrations, can not be fully restored by methylene blue methylene blue to white, and thus from the oxidation, the oxidation of normal hemoglobin to methemoglobin. Since methemoglobin is easy with the CN-methemoglobin combine to form cyanide, but after a few minutes and the dissociation between the two, it can only temporarily suppress CN-toxic poisoning of the organization, for the hydride and nitrite poisoning. Adverse reactions: high-dose intravenous injection may cause headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, chest tightness, abdominal pain, sweating, urinary burning, precordial pain, confusion, etc., Qiao blue after treatment, when urine There urethra irritation.
17, magnesium sulfate

2 10ml role and for purposes of: a gallbladder, diarrhea, and the antihypertensive effect of anticonvulsant for chronic cholecystitis and obstructive jaundice,best headset, constipation, for breaking convulsions caused by colds and eclampsia and for hypertensive crisis and gestosis treatment. Adverse reactions: excessive consumption may cause vomiting, thirst, stomach pain, cyanosis, dilated pupils, oliguria or anuria, failure and collapse, etc. take a lot of high concentrations of magnesium sulfate catharsis can lead to dehydration.
18, 100mg of lidocaine

2 years, the role and purpose: selective role in Greece - fine system, promotion of K + outflow, inhibition of Na + influx, the electrophysiological characteristics of cardiomyocytes. Performance of the role of (1) reduce the Purkinje fibers self-regulation: 4-phase by inhibiting the Na + K + influx and outflow of the promotion, lower self-discipline and increase the threshold induced flutter. (2) changing the conduction velocity, eliminating reentry: extracellular K + concentration is high, can slow conduction, unidirectional block into bidirectional block so to eliminate reentry; extracellular K + concentration is low, can speed up the transmission, eliminating one-way block to eliminate back. Is that the narrow-spectrum anti-arrhythmic drugs, only for ventricular arrhythmia, especially for crisis situations. Adverse reactions: drowsiness, dizziness; high doses can cause a language barrier, seizures and even respiratory depression. Occasionally sinus bradycardia, atrioventricular block and other cardiac toxicity.
19,10% calcium gluconate 10ml
1.5 on the role and purpose: to calcium supplements, to maintain the normal neuromuscular excitability, promote the secretion of acetylcholine in nerve endings. Serum calcium decreases, there may be increased neuromuscular excitability, seizures, high blood calcium decreased the excitability, appear weak and so calcium can improve the navigation of the membrane, increased capillary density, the leakage reduction , from the anti-allergic effect, calcium ions can promote the formation of skeletal and dental calcification, high concentrations of calcium and magnesium antagonism between the existence of competition, save for magnesium poisoning; calcium and fluoride ions forming insoluble calcium fluoride , save for fluorosis. For the treatment of calcium deficiency, acute blood calcium is too low, alkali poisoning and hypothyroidism due to hand convulsions disease; allergic disorders; magnesium poisoning, when the rescue; fluoride poisoning rescue; heart recovery. Adverse reactions: injection may have body heat, too quickly can produce cardiac arrhythmias and even cardiac arrest, nausea, vomiting. Can cause hypercalcemia, early can express constipation, drowsiness, continuing headache, loss of appetite, a metallic taste in mouth, unusual thirst, showed late signs of mental disorder, hypertension, eye and skin sensitive to light.
20,50% GS

3 years 20ml role and purpose: to supplement the heat treatment of sugar with hyperlipidemia when glucose and insulin infusion, glycogen synthesis to be involved in potassium, so potassium ions into the cell, the potassium concentration was decreased, it was used to treat hyperkalemia, rapid intravenous injection of hypertonic glucose injection organized dehydration, can be used as tissue dehydration. In addition, the maintenance and regulation of glucose peritoneal dialysis fluid osmotic pressure of the main material. Used to supplement the energy and body fluids; eating a variety of causes for the lack of or loss of a large number of body fluids, total intravenous nutrition, starvation of ketosis; hypoglycemia; hyperkalemia; hypertonic solution used as a dehydrating agent organization; preparation peritoneal dialysis fluid; drugs thinner; intravenous glucose tolerance test method; for the preparation of GIK use. Adverse reactions: phlebitis; high glucose injection attempts can cause local swelling and pain extravasation; reactive hypoglycemia; nonketotic hyperglycemic coma; electrolyte imbalance, hypokalemia, hyponatremia, and hypophosphatemia; existing heart dysfunction ; hyperkalemia.