Environmental Reliability because S-hermes-five fi

Environmental Reliability for Sustainable Dredging
1.???????? Introduction
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Dredging is process of excavating under water for purpose to maintain the depth in navigation channels. Dredging is required to develop and maintain navigation infrastructure, reclamation, maintenance of river flow, beach nourishment, and environmental remediation of contaminated sediments. Study on environmental impact of dredging is not new and recently there is concerned about balance between the need to dredge, economic viability, social technical permission and ample environmental protection can be dare. Various methods has been implemented for management of dredging activities, but choose in the best practice approach is also a bog challenge that require high level of understanding of the technical and economical aspects of the dredging process. input from ecological specialists and dredging experts. Community participation from port authorities, regulatory agencies, the dredging industry and non-governmental organisations for example,0 environmentalists and private sector consultancies.
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.2. The Need for and dredging requirement
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Dredging is the excavation, lifting and transport of underwater sediments and soils for the construction and conservation of ports and waterways, dikes and other infrastructures, for reclamation, conservation of creek flow, waterfront nutrition, to extract mineral resources, especially sand and gravel, for use for example in the construction manufacture, and for the environmental remediation of contaminated sediments.
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Globally, many hundreds of millions of cubic meters (m3) of sediments are dredged annually, with most of this volume being handled in coastal areas. A part of this total represents capital dredging which involves the excavation of sediments to build ports, asylums,where to buy vibram, and navigable waterways. Maintenance dredging sustains sufficient water depths for safe navigation by periodic removal of sediment accumulated owing to,0 natural and human-induced sedimentation. Maintenance dredging may vary from an about consecutive activity throughout the year to an rare activity occurring only once each few years. Dredging activities offer social, economic and environmental benefits to the whole community. Hydrography chart and bathymetric chart are used as guidance to vision of discrete bottom of water. Vigilant is requiring for the base as the, they are proned to sudden change leadership to shoaling due to flood or drought. Survey of a navigation channel? to locate dredging area? done through? painting of? isolines, or lines connecting points of equal depth, on the map so that captains and ships' pilots can turn,0 an view,0 of the "hills and valleys" underwater [1,3].
???Dredge material:Dredging is necessary to maintain waterways channel. Nearly 400 million cubic yards of material is dredged each year. Consequently, approximately 400 million cubic yards of material must be placed in accepted disposal sites or else used for dissimilar environmentally acceptable intention.? Sustainable disposal of dredge material is very imperative as it ends up saving a lot of money and maintains reliability and efficiency use of resources vantage of sustainable beneficial disposal are [2,3]:
Cost saving on money spent on discovery and managing elimination sites. It avoids habitat and ecological impacts that disposal may occasion. It saves capacity in existing disposal sites. It can be a low-cost choice to purchasing priceless fill for construction projects.It can be used to promote or reinstate habitat.
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3. Environmental requirement of dredging project
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The tendering of a dredging contract typically occurs afterward a full engineering design has been completed (i.e. behind the intending and design period). However, for additional types of contracting mechanisms (e.g., design-build), the tendering of contract may happen early in the overall project process, thus requiring the Contractor to act many of the appraisal and design go himself. Table 1 shows phases of dredging project and the risk control components.
?The planning and design phase begins with defining overall functional requirements to meet the project objectives. This involves evaluating potential environmental impacts and any regulatory constraints, and concludes with preparing projects specifications. The planning and design phase is used to identify risk areas and risk control option in advance to help protect the environment during dredging, transport, and disposal activities and? subsequent monitoring and possible medical actions. Elements of project formulation include:
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Functional RequirementsConceptual DesignRegulatory FrameworkBaseline EnvironmentStakeholder InputPotential impact Review the baseline condition as a consequence of construction and post-project activities. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Risk control optionPrepare Final Project Design and Specifications
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Afinal design addresses all major elements of the project: engineering design, environmental management, construction sequencing, and construction management. The specification's level of elaborate will depend on the type of contract, thecomplexity of the project, and the experience with dredging of both the project proponent and contractor(s). Additional environmental review may be required to establish that any residual risk, or actual impact, is acceptable Risk control option must be based on a clear definition of the project's technical and regulatory requirements. Studies conducted during the EIA or project planning,vibram trek, as well as information from regulators and stakeholders can endow technical information for advised risk control option including [3,4] :?
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Sediment characterization (e.g., grain size distribution, level of contamination, etc.)?Bathymetric/topographic surveys with design profiles, which establishes the volume of sediment to be dredged;?An understanding of hydraulic/hydrodynamic/oceanographic conditions that may restrict operations;?The destination or final use of the dredged material, including placement options and locations;?The environmental functions and value of the area to be dredged, establishing environmental border conditions;?The environmental value of dredged material management areas (e.g., placement in confined or unconfined areas, or beneficial use options);?Existing site uses (e.g., navigation, recreational use, mercantile fishing, quality of life impacts [wind, noise, light]) to establish reasonable operational measures;?Legal conditions.
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Environmental appearances related to future use and maintenance of the project's post construction condition should consider the areas of facility operations, future maintenance, long-term monitoring. During the construction phase, the contractor assumes primary responsibility for meeting the requirements of the project specifications, including meeting permit and contractual environmental conditions and implementation of risk control options. Major steps in the construction phase include:
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Tendering and Contract AwardContractor Defines Construction-Methods and Selects Equipment Project Execution: Risk control option should based on best practice
Figure 2a? shows example of post dredging shock in Kuala Terengganu
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Figure 2a Post dredging impact in Kuala Terengganu
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5.0 Environmental risk requirements of dredging project
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Risk analysis in a dredging project, including taking into account adherence to the Precautionary Principle. It involves methods for assessing the significance of the likely impacts and essential environmental characteristics that require attention during either the planning and implementation phases and the mechanisms whereby impacts can occur.
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5.1 Qualitative based environmental impact assessment
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Understanding the environments in which dredging and dredged material placement occur is a necessity of prudent decision making for environmental protection. A thorough knowledge of baseline conditions is needed so that a dredging project's environmental effects can be assessed properly and monitored against an agreed baseline. The baseline data must address natural variations, seasonal patterns and longer term trends to provide a context for determining whether a change is the result of dredging or not. As a minimum, characterization of the potentially affected environment should consist of recent surveys (performed within the last three years) and studies of the relevant environmental attributes.
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For reliability the studies must be conducted by eligible scientific and engineering personnel using accepted methods. The boundary includes the physiographic, hydrologic, ecologic, social, and political boundaries of the project areas. In general, the following types of data are required for characterization of the dredging and placement sites, the transport passageway, and the areas around these sites, which could be indirectly affected, to adequately address the range of management options [5, 6]:
?Bathymetric and adjacent topographic data;?Habitat and species distribution;?Resources such as fish populations, shellfish beds, oil and gas fields, aggregate mining and spawning grounds;?Physical and chemical nature of sediments;?Water quality;?Hydrodynamic data;?Cultural resources, including archaeological and anthropological conditions;?Human demography and land use characteristics;?Users of the environmental resources, for example,0 commercial, recreational, and existence fisheries;?Navigation routes; and?Services in the project area, such as pipelines and wires.
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In appending, it is necessary to take into list any cumulative impacts. Certain ongoing activities, for example,0 fisheries and navigation, could have impacts that in medley with the proposed dredging result from,0 more significant effects than would result from the project activities alone. This message is generally included in the impact assessment.
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5.2 Between environmental risk assessment and environmental impact assessment
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In practice, different approach is used to evaluate and "measure" the environmental impacts of a dredging project. ERA is defined as the exam of risks resulting from the technology that intimidate ecosystems, beasts and human (EEA, 1998). There are three cardinal types of ERA: human health, ecological, and applied industrial risk assessment. The origin of ERA is the assessment of risks in the industry. Then, the same approach was applied in a broader scale for assessing the risks of the release of chemicals posed to human health. The more recently developed ecological risk assessment follows the same approach as human health ERA, but extending the assessed "end-points" to species other than human beings.
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A conventional approach of an environmental risk assessment begins with the problem formulation and the identification of the risk (or hazards). Then, the possible ways of loosen of the hazard are estimated, and the exposure of those chosen target species is assessed. The last treads are the consequence assessment and the appraisal of the risk. Some of the steps require the use of models (e.g. the assessment of the release and the exposure), and the sequel is usually a quantitative assessment. It should be famous that many choices have to be done in the design of the risk assessment, and thus the definition and manner,0 used in each of them will be of magnitude to the last outcome [7].
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?The feud between ERA and EIA is that the latter,0 do not treat risks as probabilities. Generally the potential impacts are foresaw, and assessed quantitatively or qualitatively. However, it also uses models requires for production many decisions in the design of the assessment, which could influence the final outcome. Any evaluation of the impacts of a certain project has to face difficulties and uncertainties, in chapter due to the scientific uncertainties involved, merely in portion due to the decisions to be made for framing and defining the problem. The impact assessment will have to clarify the range of species to include and thus acquire,0 embarrassed in nontrivial normative (ethical, ecological and economic) issues.
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5.3 Risk based design and precautionary principle
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n the context of dredging projects it can be stated that because of magnificent natural variability there will often be a lack of full scientific certainty about the scales of potential impacts. In consensus with the Precautionary Principle decision to forego a project should be a final resort following exhaustive consideration of all reasonable RCO and reaching a conclusion that adequate environmental protection could not be effected. Prohibiting dredging may ensure that no impacts occur, but may also produce high risk to human safety (e.g., lack of removal of shoals that pose navigation hazards) or result from,0 lost trade and injure to the economic. The RCO should be selected such that clear, defined, and ideally quantitative thresholds of protection can be achieved (e.g. to control measures of suspended sediment within a specified concentration / duration range). Work on environmental issue has always involved argue because of impacts analysis.? Global climate Change might be regarded as a basic example where this lusty interlinkage between science and policy making is broadly acknowledged, Social science studies have shown how the production of scientific knowledge played a crucial part in the raise,0 of climate change as a topic of worldwide interest and to the political battlefield? while, on the other hand, knowledge and research on climate change issues is influenced by social factors
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In most countries, a cloud of dredged material is placed at sea. Land disposal options are normally much more expensive therefore, they are applied only when either transport costs to sea are inhibitory, or advantageous use is not an option, or the material is too contaminated (Burt et al., 1997a). In order to encounter sustainability requirement the following describe 3 case studies where beneficial work in dredging are translated to price [10,11].
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On environmental sustainability According to US green port project, 2001, case study on Boston port navigation improvement project done in the US dredging and construction project use mitigation favor? Surface sediments contaminated with metals, PAHs, PCB, and other organics, Channels were over-dredged by 20 ft. Contaminated material was placed on barge and deposited into over-dredged in-channel disposal cells and covered with 3 ft. neat material, All wash material deposited in Mass Bay Disposal Site.Another case done in port of los Angelis use bronze dispose by amplifying? onsite system to treat copper contaminated marine sediments, Pilot study dredged, treated, and prone of 100 tons of contaminated sediment, Full-scale project cleaned up 21,000 cubic yards of contaminated sediment, Saved $1.5 million in cleanup costs over alternative.Studies done in Europe also confirm use of processing plant for dredge material. Also regional sediment management procedure done by (USACE, 2003) compiled various methodologies to reduce shoaling.
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5.4 Reliability and decision support framework
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??????????????? Various studies have been carried out to find the best hybrid supply for given areas. Results from specific studies cannot be easily applied to other situations due to area-specific resources and energy-use profiles and environmental differences. Energy supply system, with a large percentage of renewable resources varies with the size and type of area, weather, location, typical demand outlines, and available renewable resource. A decision support framework is required in mandate to assistance the design of hereafter renewable energy supply systems, effectively manage transitional phases, and encourages and advance state-of-the-art deployment as systems become more economically desirable. The DSS could involve the technical feasibility of possible renewable energy supply systems, economic and political issues. ???
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??????????????? Reliability based DSS can assist possible supply scenarios to be rapidly and accessible tried, to watch how well the claims for electricity, heat and transport for any given district,0 can be matched with the outputs of a broad,0 variety of possible generation methods. This includes the generation of electricity from intermittent hybrid sources. DSS framework provide the appropriate type and sizing of spinning reserve, fuel creation and stamina warehouse to be found, and support the analysis of supplies and demands for an district,0 of any type and geographical location, to permit potential renewable energy provision on the small to media scale to be examined. DSS can provide vigor provision for port and assist lead the transition towards higher percentage sustainable energy provision in larger areas. The hybrid configuration of how the aggregate energy absences of an area may be met in a sustainable way,0, the problems and benefits associated with these, and the ways in which they may be used together to form authentic and efficient energy supply systems. The applicability and relevance of the decision support framework are shown through the use of a can simulate case learn of the complex nature of sustainable energy supply system design.
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5.5 Regulatory requirement and assessment
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??????????????? The present lawful requirements have been adult based on reactive approach which leads to system failure. Reactive approach is not suitable for introduction of new technology of modern power generation systems. This shriek for alternative philosophy to the assessment of new power generation technologies together with associated equipment and systems from safety and reliability considerations, such system required analysis of system capability and regulatory capability. System based approaches for regulatory assessment is detailed beneath aim,0 based design as shown in diagram.
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??????????????? IMO has hugged the use of goal based standards for ship construction and this process can be equally well applied to machinery power plants.
Legal framework for dredging
The maximum important international agreements regarding dredging are the London Convention 10, published in 1972 and reviewed in the 1996 Protocol 11; and the OSPAR Convention 12 from 1992. IMO too unveil Formal safety assessment for maritime system. These international agreements establish frameworks within which the contracting countries are necessitated to manipulate with respect to their handling of materials preordained for placement in the sea. However, these Conventions do not include regulations of the dredging operations per se, which are primarily established at the national level, nor for the conditions of disposal of in land. Convention for the prevention of sailor pollution by dumping of wastes and other stuff (www.londonconvention.org).
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A review of the Convention began in 1993 and was completed in 1996 with the approval of The 1996 Protocol to the London Convention. The 1996 Protocol has even now come into coerce as it has not yet been ratified by a sufficient digit of countries (19 out of 26). Conventions for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (www.ospar.org).On the other hand, dredging activities are subject to national regulations, which can vary very much among the countries. In some cases there is a specific directive regarding dredging in Malaysia the imperial Malaysia marine regulate the dredging. Thus the are other agencies but there is not integration for effectiveness of the system.(private communication .
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5.2?? Quantitative and formal system engineering based risk analysis
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"Risk" is generally understood as an expression of the quantified interlock between an environmental hazard or "stressor" and the potential negative consequences it may have on targets or "receptors". When discussing risk the types of stressors as well as the targets of interest must be specified. Thus project risk can be differentiated from engineering risk, and environmental risk. But, in practice it may be very difficult to establish a quantifiable relationship between hazard and target response because of the many uncertainties in the cause-effect necklace and the dynamic nature of aquatic ecosystems. Risk analysis provides a means to accommodate these uncertainties. Formal risk assessment programs have not been adopted by many regulatory agencies or they have been applied mainly to dredging of contaminated sediments. Typically risk assessment takes the form of "vocational decree" based on the experience and expertise of parties engaged in project co-ordination [12].
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Risk analysis provides an opportunity to focus on the true,0 concerns of a project, instead of depending on fixed and inflexible standards such as threshold levels for contaminants or fixed percentages of lawful overflow of a dredger. For the purpose of this report, risk assessment is mainly arrested in the EIA, though risk management takes the form of best management practice determination. Risk evaluation is the way from the scientific system based quantitative risk analysis is the internationally recognized best practice and meek concept of risk analysis. Table shows components of risk analysis.
???????????????? The design conception needs to address the marine environment in terms of those taxed on the power plant and those that are internally controlled. It is also necessary to address the effects of launch, flooding, equipment failure and the skill of personnel required to operate the system. In carrying out a hazard assessment it is vital that there are apparently defined objectives in terms of what is to be demonstrated. The assessment should address the consequence of a hazard and possible effect on the system, its subsystems, workers and the environment. An assessment for reliability and availability of a hybrid power generation system and its installation in a boat could use a FMEA tool. An telling FMEA needs a structured approach with clearly defined objectives
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??????????????? The assessment analysis processes for safety and reliability need to identify defined objectives under system functionality and capability matching. These two issues are concerned with system performance rather than compliance with a prescriptive requirement in a standard. The importance of performance and integration of systems that are associated to safety and reliability is immediately recognized and the assessment tools immediately available offer such means. Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) is recognized by the IMO as being an important part of a process for formative requirements for marine regulations. IMO has approved Guidelines for Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) for use in the IMO rule-making process (MSC/Circ.1023/MEPC/ Circ.392). Further reliability and optimization can be done by using stochastic and simulation tools [8, 13].
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5.4 Uncertainties and risk in dredging projects
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The physical and biological characteristics of aquatic environments vary both spatially and temporally. Therefore characterizing these environments and assessing impacts and risk will forever involve some uncertainty. This requires the need for basic understanding of how marine and the ecosystems function and how natural events and anthropogenic activities affect these functions. In the ideal situation, all environmental risks associated with a dredging project would be quantifiable, making the need for specific management practices clear. In reality, dredging can potentially affect unlike assemblages of organisms or their habitats on both spatial and temporal scales. Because the scales of the interactions between creatures and the dredging process are difficult to determine, often the consequences of a project are largely speculative. Some degree of uncertainty will therefore always be present indecisions regarding the need for particular,0 management practices to defend the environment.
?5.4.1 Potential Physical Changes and Environmental Impacts from Dredging and Disposal of Dredged Material
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Below water, the sound from the dredge container could have environmental effects for example,0 interfering with fish action, possibly guiding to agitated migratory routes, although fish might easily lest temporarily confused areas without consequence. Other potential environmental effects not directly narrated to dredging but associated with the presence of the dredger include spills of oil and fuel, exhaust emissions, and the possible introduction of invasive species via the release of ballast water.One of the less understood areas of concern is the impact of sediment released into the aquatic environment that may occur at any of the stages from excavation to placement. A lofty concentration of sand in suspension will have very cheap turbidity as,0 a relatively low concentration of nice silt or clay in suspension will have a high turbidity.? ALlso sediment effect on the flora and fauna, concentration, the turbidity, the total value of detriment of sediments or the spatial distribution of a sediment feather are other impacts.
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5.4.2 Spatial and Temporal Scales of Effects: The environmental effects vary spatially and temporally from project to project. When the effects are considered to have a significant adverse impact it is necessary to investigate means to reduce or mitigate them. The significance of the environmental effects depends on site-specific factors that govern the vulnerability and sensitivity of environmental resources in the project area. When the sediment being migrated is chemically contaminated, the need for environmental protection is generally recognized by all stakeholders.
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Complexity with respect to uncertainty has made essential for several exertions to find tools for the assessment and treatment of assorted types of uncertainty. As said ahead, the word uncertainty is used in numerous alter positions for expressing a lack of decisive, clear wisdom for catching a decision. Uncertainty is whichever departure from the unachievable ideal of complete determinism. In the circumstance presented here, uncertainty signifies that is not possible to provide a matchless, undisputable, objective assessment of a decisive operation (case in point an environmental risk assessment of the dredging). However, depending on the actor (e.g. the modeller, the policy-maker, or stakeholders), the perception of the ecology, kind, thing and signification of uncertainty can be very another. This will be clear while,0 presenting the perception of uncertainty of the stakeholders involved in the circumstance. Nevertheless, the simple meaning presented upon gets extra perplexing when trying to narrate the sources, or the sorts or dimensions of uncertainty.
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Typology approaches adopted for characterization and assessment of uncertainty by this group converge on uncertainties encountered from the point of view of the modeler that assesses policy-makers (which they call model based decision support). Therefore, their proposal intentions to be profitable for expressing the uncertainty involved in the use of models, maybe rather than expressing uncertainty from the point of view of the policy-makers or stakeholders. The typology is based in the distinction of 3 dimensions of uncertainty:
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i the place of uncertainty (where within the model);
ii the level of uncertainty (from deterministic knowledge to total stupidity); and,
iii the nature of uncertainty (whether the uncertainty is owing to,0 the imperfection of our knowledge or is owing to,0 the inherent variability of the phenomena being described).
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5.5 Risk communication and management
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Parties involved in a dredging project view the process differently depending ashore their individual perceptions of these risks and rewards, like,0 well as their individual tolerance of the perceived risk. In this sense there may be several types of risk in a project. For the supporter the consequences of failure of the whole project may be quite caustic and will ordinarily be fathomed in thrifty terms. For an environmentalist the latent effects on the environment may be recognized like,0 the highest precedence risk. Communication is an necessity component of sharing concerns and identifying means apt mitigate them apt the fullest extent reasonably possible. During the risk analysis, it is major to poise the identified environmental effects and risks opposition the economic and social consequences of the project. Complete and transparent communications are therefore required throughout the process from beginning to end. This refers to all parties comprised. Communication should address uncertainties and normal variability in the environment. Seldom does an substantial project present a explicit alternative among unbiased, independent, and generally adopted adoptions. Rather, the choice among alternatives is frequently driven along amounts and perceptions. This tension can best be diluted via open lines of communication namely include:
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?A transparent process;?Outreach that begins during the premier possible stage of the project and continues throughout all phases;?An open and genuine process; and?Proactive engagement of regional and/or regional media, since,0 their influence on public opinion can be big,Vibram Five Fingers Treksport review,0.
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5.6 Selecting evaluation and risk control option for dredging project
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Action might be taken to accommodate the monitoring program itself or as a direct feedback to the monitoring results. Based on the monitoring file, adjustments to the monitoring program could include:Reducing the level of monitoring because no effect was observed;Continuing with the existing monitoring program to obtain,0 further clarification of the rejoinder; orExpanding the monitoring program to include appended parameters or sites.So that responding can be quick and effective, it is necessary to establish hierarchy of options to disadvantageous monitoring results. The level of rejoinder can be targeted to the receptor and its sensitivity. Options could include:Continuing with dredging under the existing regime;Modifying the dredging regime to reduce the actual effect on a sensitive parameter;Ceasing dredging within an area until further information is gathered;Ceasing dredging within an area wholly; orCeasing dredging and implementing recovery measures.
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For a monitoring program to be fully effective, it must include a timely communication of results and related actions. Stakeholders should be involved to help establish overall program credibility.
Risk control options are meant to cultivate the environmental extravaganza of a dredging project. Some manner of environmental evaluation or Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is usually required by multinational conventions. One example is the London Convention, which establishes a framework for the evaluation of placement of dredged substance by sea. The "Specific Guidelines for Assessment of Dredged Material" (International Maritime Organization, 2000) comprises the emulating steps:
Dredged material characterization;Waste prevention audit and evaluation of disposal options;Is the material receivable for marine placement?;Identify and portray the placement site;Determine potential impacts and arrange impact hypothesis(ies);Issue permit;Implement project and monitor compliance; andField monitoring and assessment.Within the LC-DMAF guidance it is stated that
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All dredging and placement projects will cause some changes to the environment. It is therefore necessary to determine whether these can be considered serious and or irreversible. Because adequate information is seldom available to answer these questions with total certainty, an evaluation of the relative risk of permanent detriment to the environment is required. Many factors affect this assessment of the general environmental risk including the scale of the project, the natural variability of all of the elements of the system likely to be affected, possible contamination levels, and the timing of the project. Preparation of an EIA involves collaboration among environmental scientists and engineers in consultation with port authorities, dredging companies, and often a diverse assemblage of stakeholders. The amount of technical information available will be important, but should be used in tandem with the perceptions and knowledge held by the engaged stakeholders. Risk evaluation is a value judgment reached by consideration of the total body of certify offered by all interested parties.
These constrains are very important to bear in mind when we muse of environmental management at the local or regional level with projects with are used limited time and budget of money. Therefore the lack of knowledge that can be experienced by both managers and inhabitants in assessing a cement project may have more to do with restricted resources than general scientific ignorance. Benefit-Cost Analysis (BCA) is a tool for organizing information on the relating value of alternative public investments like environmental restoration projects. When the value of all significant benefits and costs can be expressed in financial terms, the web value (benefits minus costs) of the alternatives under consideration can be computed and used to identify the alternative that yields the greatest mushroom in public welfare. However, as,0 environmental merchandise and services are not commonly bought just aboutld in the marketplace, it can be difficult to express the outputs of an environmental restoration project in financial terms.
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Risk monitoring
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It is acknowledged that monitoring can bring,0 many forms and fulfill various objectives before, during, and after any dredging and placement project. This document does not provide an exhaustive description of monitoring technology but rather focuses on the role of monitoring as a essential unit in the environment of BMP application. In particular, monitoring can be proposed as a management custom,0 in itself or used to assess the effect of other management practices. Monitoring is the at first,0 step-in determining if disciplinary actions will be needful to ensure the required outcomes [13,14].
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One of the opener issues related to any environmental monitoring program is the coverage for combining wide monitoring objectives for divide parameters into a single survey. Monitoring programmes can be categorized into three types:
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Surveillance monitoringFeedback monitoringCompliance monitoring
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Formulating a suitable monitoring strategy requires the following elements:
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Targeted objectiveBeeline conditionMonitoring criteriaMethodology for measuring changeThreshold valuesTimely review procedure
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Requirements for monitoring are site-specific and based on the findings of the baseline surveys. For example, surveys could be necessary to record:
The profusion and distribution of species, which is needed to determinethe rate of species and community retrieval within the study area;?The effect of dredging on seabed morphology;?The effect of dredging on the concentration of suspended sediments in the water column;?The type of substrate remaining retinue dredging;?Use of the area by fish; and?Actual effects on any perceptive species or communities within the study area.
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Sometimes, model studies can be would do,0 determine the appropriate locations for monitoring. Monitoring involves many uncertainties and difficulties that need to be considered. Models are generally not well validated or calibrated and so it is not cozy to quantify the results with certainty though they are continually improving. After the monitoring criteria have been selected, the methodology for measuring change against those criteria needs to be determined.
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The monitoring could be in the water column, on the seabed, on land or in the air. It could be physical, chemical, or biological or a combination. Key considerations in establishing the monitoring methodology are briefed below:
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The theory would do,0 monitor environmental effects should be the same as that would do,0 make sure the specifics of the relevant parameter during the baseline examine, to ensure comparability.The sampling stations should be the same, although there are probable to be fewer stations (e.g., the function of amuse may require a more targeted approach than was adopted for the baseline survey).For parameters where timing is fussy (e.g., benthic and fish sampling), repeat surveys should be undertaken at the same time of annual as the baseline survey to assure that seasonal alterations a crowd of and delivery do not effect,0 the results.The frequency of sampling is determined based on the monitoring objectives and criteria. The anticipated impact is also a factor to consider when determining frequency of sampling. Fall butme parameters (e.g., impacts on geology), changes occur over a long time scale and therefore require fewer prevalent monitoring, possibly post project.
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It is important to identify a level above or under which an effect is considered unacceptable, referred to as an environmental threshold. If the monitoring shows that the threshold level is near to creature approached then remedial action is required to reduce the level of effect. In the want of a threshold value, monitoring of many parameters is justified to improve the knowledge found of the particular effect. Timely review of monitoring results is essential to ensure the success of the program. It is recommended that the results of monitoring should be reviewed at times that will allow for significant adjustments to the dredging and placement activities.
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Conclusions
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??????????????? Dredging provides economic and social benefits for the whole community. However dredging can and often will have an impact on the environment appearance of the lusted change, of mention deepening a outlet. To assess the significance of these effects an environmental impact study often needs to be undertaken. During such a study, cumulative and in-combination effects should be considered as it is important to location the dredging activity into context with other activities, e.g., fisheries, navigation, etc. Previous regulatory work for system design has been prescriptive by nature. Performance based standards that make use of alternative methods of assessment for safety and reliability of component design, manufacture and testing is recommended for hybrid alternative energy system installation.
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System failure and carefree of environment in elapse project balanced all field of people endeavor to adopt precautionary conviction by providing tools to conduct dredging projects in an environmentally sound manner and design based on comprehensive system based scientific method discussed in this periodical. Properly applied the precautionary principle provides stimuli to develop better solutions. The periodical present structured approach and strives for an objective means of selecting the most appropriate Risk control option for that lead to the best conservation of the environment and meet sustainable development requirement. Absolute Reliability of the dredge work can be accomplish by using predictive statistical tools and the data collected.
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Reference
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[1] Erftemeijer PLA and Lewis III RRL (2006): Environmental impacts of dredging on seagrasses: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52, pp. 1553-1512
[2] Herbich JB (2000): Handbook of Dredging Engineering, 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill Professional, 992 pages
[3] International Maritime Organization (IMO) 2000): Specific guidelines for assessment of dredged material
[4] John SA, Challinor SL, Simpson M, BurtTN and Spearman J (2000). Scoping the assessment of sediment plumes from dredging. CIRIA Report C547, London,190 pages
[5] Keevin TM, (1998): A review of Natural Resource Agency Recommendations for Mitigating the Impacts of Underwater Blasting. Reviews in Fishery Science, pp. 281-313
[6] New Delta Project (2007): Final report of Theme 6 ��Sustainable Dredging Strategies'. Framework for a sustainable dredging strategy. 2007, 48 pages www.newDelta.org
[7] OSPAR (2007): Draft literature review on the impacts of dredged sediment disposal at sea. Document Nr. EIHA 07/2/2-E
[8] International Maritime Organization (IMO). Amendments to the Guidelines for Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) for Use in the IMO Rule Making Process. MSC �C MEPC.2/Circ 5 (MSC/Circ.1023 �C MEPC/Cir. 2006 [9] PIANC (2006): Working Group Envicom 10: Environmental risk assessment of dredging and disposal operations.
10] PIANC (2008): Working Group Envicom14: Dredged material as a resource options and constraints
?[11] PIANC Working Group Envicom 16:Dredging and port construction approximately Coral Reefs t.b.p.
12] Rees HL, Murray LA, Waldock R, BolamSG, Limpenny DS and Mason CE (2002): Dredged material from port developments: A case study of options for effective environmental management.
[13] EPA (2001): Guidelines as dredging. Best practice environmental management. Environment Protection Authority, Victoria, Australia. Publication 691. 116pages.
[14] PIANC (1998) Working Group PTC I-17: Handling and treatment of contaminated dredged material from ports and inland waterways "CDM"
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Five finger shoes is still known around the world as the undisputed leader in soling technology for a wide range of quality performance footwear products. Vibram manufactures more than 34 million soles annually for more than 1,000 premium footwear brands worldwide. The Birkin bag is a handmade purse by Hermes and named after actress and singer Jane Birkin.http://www.hermesforsales.com. Vibram S.p.A. is an Italian company based in Albizzate that both manufactures and licenses the production of Vibram-branded rubber outsoles for footwear. www.vibramsbuy.com These soles were first used on mountaineering boots.www.vibramsbuy.com
MBT (Masai Barefoot Technology) was born in 1996 when we discovered that natural instability can have positive effects on the human body. Seeing these people in action made us realize that the human body is simply not designed to walk or stand on the hard, flat surfaces of modern society. mbt shoes So we set out to develop a new kind of footwear, one that would mimic walking on soft, uneven ground. Tod's shoes Group is an Italian company which produces shoes and other leaFive finger shoes is still known around the world as the undisputed leader in soling technology for a wide range of quality performance footwear products. Vibram manufactures more than 34 million soles annually for more than 1,000 premium footwear brands worldwide. The Birkin bag is a handmade purse by Hermes and named after actress and singer Jane Birkin.http://www.hermesforsales.com. Vibram S.p.A. is an Italian company based in Albizzate that both manufactures and licenses the production of Vibram-branded rubber outsoles for footwear. www.vibramsbuy.com These soles were first used on mountaineering boots.www.vibramsbuy.com
MBT (Masai Barefoot Technology) was born in 1996 when we discovered that natural instability can have positive effects on the human body. Seeing these people in action made us realize that the human body is simply not designed to walk or stand on the hard, flat surfaces of modern society. mbt shoes So we set out to develop a new kind of footwear, one that would mimic walking on soft, uneven ground. Tod's shoes Group is an Italian company which produces shoes and other leather goods, and is presided over by businessman Diego Della Valle. Vibram FiveFingers are meant to replicate being barefoot and allow for the natural biomechanics of the foot to work.hermes most TRUSTED source for AUTHENTIC Luxury Bags.
In popular culture, the Hermes Birkin Bag has been featured on television shows.

le par l’effondrement rapide d’abord-hermes-five fingers-v

Balenciaga re-imagines the City Bag with dark studs and go-hermes-five fingers

Video- Kevin Durant8217;s Neighbor Stunts in the KD3 - Sneaker F-hermes-five fin

ther goods, and is presided over by businessman Diego Della Valle. It is most famous for its driving shoes.


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