not so before or after his time. The better half of politics is the control
of violencewhether internal or external. In the reign of Hsüan-
tsungChina had achieved it to a greater degree than in the two
IndiasIslamdomthe Byzantine Empire or the community of Latin
Christendom. No wonder that so many rulers were suitors to his
court that China becamefor the ?rst timethe centre of the world
order. No wondertoothat the political achievements had implica-
tions for the economy and societyas the next two s will
discuss.
Politics: The Genius of T’ang67
1403_934576_03_cha02.qxd 6/25/2004 1:45 PM Page 67
3
Economy: China takes
Centre-Stage
In the second half of the ?rst millenniumparticularly under the
T’ang and most notably in the reign of Hsüan-tsung (713–756)
China for the ?rst time took centre-stage in the world economy. In
moving from the world of politics to that of economicsone must
be aware of a shift in scale: from a few thousand participants to many
millions and from some certitude to much conjecture. The Chinese
statethanks to its bureaucratic character and the early invention
in China of paper and printingdocuments itself well. The Chinese
economyeven in the considerable segment w,
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